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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS The energy use was 2.6 EJ in 1958, peaked at 3.9 EJ in 1973, and was 1.9 EJ in 1994. Unlike the cement industry, the share of coal and coke dropped from 75% to 57% between 1958 and 1994, while natural gas jumped from 10% to 28%. Between 1958 and 1990 improvements in process efficiency, increases in the use of natural gas, and the growing use of scrap-based electric arc furnaces led to a decrease in carbon intensity from 0.82 tons C/ton steel to 0.50 tons C/ton steel. Figure 6 in the Worrell analysis indicated that the gap between actual and best practices data were much wider in the United States than in Germany, even though the United States had a higher production of secondary steel, which has a lower energy intensity. The authors explained that this was due to the high energy use in the blast furnace, in the basic oxygen furnace (due to lack of emissions recovery), in the reheating furnace, and in the hot strip mill. Table 49 shows the energy use and CO2 emissions for U.S. steel production in 1994. Table 49. Energy Use and CO2 Emissions for U.S. Steel Production in 1994 Fuel (PJ) Sintermaking 26 Cokemaking 74 Ironmaking 676 Steelmaking basic oxygen 19 furnace Casting 15 Electricity Final (J) Energy (PJ) 2 28 2 76 4 680 6 25 11 27 34 191 15 58 0 167 -22 79 52 1331 62 68 4 5 22 124 0 0 0 42 -2 9 85 248 137 1579 Primary CO2 CO2 Energy Emissions Emissions Hot Rolling Cold Rolling and Finishing Boilers (integrated steelmaking) Cogeneration (integrated steelmaking) Total integrated steelmaking Electric arc furnace Casting 1 (PJ) (MtC) 31 0.8 81 0.6 689 11 36 0.5 50 0.9 263 3.7 89 1.3 167 7.8 101 0.4 1507 27 197 2.8 12 0.2 170 2.4 0 0 42 2 11 0.04 425 7.4 1932 34.4 (Tg CO2) 2.9 2.2 40.3 1.8 3.3 13.6 4.8 28.6 1.5 99 10.3 0.7 8.8 0 7.3 0.15 27.1 126.1 Hot Rolling Cold Rolling and Finishing Boilers (secondary steelmaking) Cogeneration (secondary steelmaking) Total secondary steelmaking 35.9 Mt Total primary and secondary steelmaking 102 0 42 11 162 1440 157 43 167 101 1278 6 Just as in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory report on the cement industry, various energy-efficiency measures in the U.S. iron and steel industry were studied. Table 50 lists the energy savings options in the U.S. for integrated steel production. 47PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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