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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS Petroleum Refining Oil refining produces fuels for transportation, power generation, and heating. It also produces raw materials for the chemical industry. Oil refineries use various unit operations (such as distillation and extraction) and many chemical/catalytic processes. They also have processes for treating refinery off-gases [20], which is of primary interest in this report. Some of the catalytic chemical processes used in the oil refinery are fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, catalytic reforming, and alkylation. In catalytic cracking, the feedstock is heavy oil fractions such as vacuum oil grease. Cracking is catalyzed by solid acids, which promote C-C bond rupture. Gasoline yields with current catalysts are 40-50 wt%. Because coke formation leads to catalyst poisoning, catalyst regeneration is done by combustion in air to generate CO/CO2. Capturing this CO would be a good candidate for CO recovering energy. Also, coupling the exothermic regeneration reaction with the endothermic cracking process will increase overall process efficiency. The FCC unit is very polluting, emitting both SOx and NOx. The feedstock is typically hydrotreated to yield H2S. The evolved H2S can be partially oxidized to form elemental S, giving off 444 kJ/mol, a significant energy content. The emission from the FCC unit is a good candidate for capturing energy both in the form of unreacted hydrogen and H2S. Exit gases from units such as fluid catalytic crackers and hydrotreaters contain significant amounts of hydrogen, which can be recovered for hydroprocessing if feeds and products or used as fuel. Recovery can be done using low energy processes such as adsorption of other gases or by membrane separation. The total energy content of CH4 emissions from petroleum production is 10 times that reported in Table 2-27 of [1] for years 1995-2001. It appears that this table does not include CH4 emissions from production wells. The emissions derived from petroleum transportation was 0.283 Bcf/year, which is 0.4% of the value obtained for petroleum production. The total energy content was 0.32 PJ. Since these emissions occur at various locations, this work will exclude these emissions from consideration for energy capture. Tables 53-54 provide data on CH4 emissions from petroleum production and refining, while Table 55 summarizes these results, with the energy content of these emissions provided in Table 56. 50PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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