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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS Paper production in the United States consists primarily of wrapping and packaging paper, paperboard, and printing and writing paper. These products made up about 80% of the U.S. paper production in 1994. The remainder is made up of newsprint, household and sanitary paper, and paper and paperboard not elsewhere specified, a catch-all category for such paper products as Kraft paper, blotting paper, and filter paper. Total U.S. paper production increased from 45.81 million tons (Mt) in 1970 to 82.46 Mt in 1994, an average increase of 2.5% per year. Growth has slowed slightly in recent years, though paper production still increased 2.2% per year between 1970 and 1980, and 2.7% per year between 1980 and 1994. Primary energy consumption in the U.S. pulp and paper industry increased steadily between 1960 and 1994 from 1496 PJ to 3267 PJ, equivalent to an increase of 2.3% per year. Energy consumption (not accounting for electricity generation and distribution losses) grew at a rate of 2.1% per year. Primary energy consumption growth has slowed in recent years, evidenced by a 1.5% annual energy consumption growth rate between 1970 and 1994, and a 1.3% annual growth rate between 1980 and 1994. The composition of the fuel mix has also changed. Biomass and electricity grew more rapidly, increasing their shares from 35% and 5% in 1970 to 43% and 7.3% in 1994, respectively. Use of coal and coke, along with oil, decreased most rapidly in the paper sector, as coal and coke use fell from 21% to 11%, and oil use fell from 11.4% to 7%, between 1970 and 1994. The paper industry’s carbon dioxide emissions increased between 1960 and 1994 from 27.7 Mt to 31.5 Mt, at a rate of 1.4% per year, less than the increase in primary energy consumption which increased at 2.3% per year over the same period. Since 1970, the rate of growth of carbon dioxide emissions has been more gradual, 0.5%/year. This slower growth is due primarily to two major changes in the industry. First, there has been a significant increase in the use of biomass fuels over the past few decades. This results in lower carbon emissions per unit of energy consumed on an industry-wide basis. Secondly, there has been a significant increase in the use of waste paper and recycled pulp, which grew from 10.8 Mt to 28 Mt in 1994. Recycled pulp production is significantly less energy intensive, thereby reducing energy use as well as reducing CO2 emissions. Carbon intensity, as measured by emissions per ton of product, has declined rapidly (3% per year) from 0.6 tC/T of paper in 1970 to 0.4 tC/t of paper in 1994. 54PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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