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3 OPPORTUNITIES-BARRIERS-PATHWAYS FOR RECOVERY CHAPTER3: OPPORTUNITIES-BARRIERS-PATHWAYSFOR RECOVERY This report provides a detailed assessment of the chemical and thermal emissions from the U.S. industrial complex. It shows that the opportunities to recover chemical and thermal emissions are significant—with over 2 Quads (2180 PJ) of chemical emissions (1.4 Quads w/o landfills) and 10 Quads (10,500 PJ) of thermal emissions, representing 35% of the 32.5 Quads consumed by U.S. industry in 2003 [5]. (This is perhaps a conservative estimate given the number of conservative assumptions in both the chemical and thermal emissions survey.) Despite the numerous opportunities to recovering this energy, there are obvious barriers. The primary barriers appear to be the limitation of methods to economically recover this energy. This is true for two primary reasons: 1) the nature of the chemical and thermal emissions is distributed and 2) recovery device efficiencies and capital costs. The distributed nature of these emissions makes it difficult to focus recovery technologies. Chemical emissions appear to be dilute and distributed, and often occur with other emissions that have little or no residual fuel value (mainly carbon dioxide). Separating and concentrating the emissions so they are suitable for reuse is a major barrier to capitalizing on this opportunity. The thermal emissions have very similar circumstances, where much of the waste heat is distributed, and much of the heat could be low-grade (i.e., temperatures not sufficiently high to recover energy content using conventional technologies in an economic way). Another potential barrier to recovering this energy is the lack of awareness within the industry of the magnitude of this opportunity. These barriers are significant, but possible pathways to capitalizing on this opportunity do exist. Generally, there are two methods to improve the energy efficiency of the industrial complex: 1) Develop new processes and facilities that do not generate these emissions, or 2) attempt to capture and re-employ these chemical and thermal emissions. Developing new processes and facilities (the first option) typically involves performing R&D on new manufacturing processes or process technology, demonstrating their effectiveness and reliability, and then convincing industrial organizations to purchase and deploy this new technology (capital investment). This appears to be the conventional primary approach to improving the energy efficiency of industrial manufacturing processes. However, this often requires large capital reinvestment in industrial equipment and infrastructure; and perhaps relies on abandoning industrial facilities with an extraordinarily high sunk cost (e.g., aluminum smelters, petroleum refineries). The second option to improve the energy efficiency of the industrial complex includes research, development, and demonstration of economical energy recovery systems to capture, convert, or otherwise re-employ the chemical and thermal emissions from the current industrial complex into usable energy. This approach would enable substantial improvement in industrial process energy efficiency and reduce industrial GHG emis sions without major recapitalization of the existing industrial infrastructure. These 67PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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