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4 Introduction tems is still growing and several institutions are currently studying the application of s-CO2 power generation systems with thermal energy sources such as nuclear reactors [16,22–28] or concentrating solar power (CSP) [29–32]. The s-CO2 Brayton system is a technology still emerging, with few experimental setups for the study of the operation of the entire system. The most relevant institution involved in this field of investigation is currently the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), which owns two s-CO2 test loops used for research purposes [26]. The first test bench consists in a Brayton loop with a heater power of 260 kW which is able to generate electricity with multiple cycle configurations. The second test bench is a motor driven s-CO2 compression loop, which is used to explore the characteristics of CO2 gas mixtures, condensation cycles and gas-foil thrust bearing performance. These studies lead to the experimental confirmation of the mentioned advantages of the s-CO2 systems, which have been reported as the key features of the supercritical Brayton systems [33]: • s-CO2 power plants can be powered with all medium to high temperature energy sources, • efficiency between 43% (turbine inlet tempeterature (TIT) of 538◦C) and 50% (TIT of 700◦C) for 10 to 300 MW systems, • standard materials can be used for the components (stainless steels and Inconels), • high power density for the conversion system (a s-CO2 gas turbine power plant is ap- proximately 30 times smaller than steam and 6 times smaller than helium or air power plants), and • modular capacity, with dimensions that make these systems factory-manufacturable (units with 10 MW of capacity and dimensions of approximately 2.5 m x 8 m). Nowadays, the studies on s-CO2 power conversion systems branched in many directions that include a broad variety of engineering and commercial fields. The research areas covered can be classified in four groups [26,33]. The first branch deals the hardware development. SNL is the only institution that continuously reports experimental results with s-CO2 Bray- ton test loops, although there are other organizations that are currently working with similar resources or that are planning to do so (Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation [34], Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory [35], Southwest research Institute []). The second is focused on improving the performance and extending the capabilities of s-CO2 power systems to appli- cations with gas mixtures, condensation cycles and s-CO2 heat pumps. This field is covered both experimentally by SNL and theoretically by other researchers [15,23,29,36]. The third area is focused on the modeling of the components in the Brayton power systems and on the development of control strategies. This is a research field covered by many institutions which study turbomachinery modeling [24,37,38] or the heat exchangers modeling [39–42]. Finally, the fourth field deals with the implementation and commercialization of the s-CO2 power systems. SNL is one of the leading institutions of this research branch, since it aims to built the first commercial set-up of approximately 10 MW, which can be constituted by currently available industrial components [33]. Other institutions in this research field are the Southwest Research Institute and Brayton Energy LLC. Both of them have been awarded development grants by the U.S Department of Energy under the SunShot CSP R&D initia- tive, which aims to reduce the cost of CSP technologies. The southwest research institute will develop an s-CO2 power cycle for low cost modular CSP applications, and Brayton Energy LLC will build and test a new solar receiver with s-CO2 as the heat transfer fluid [43]. J.S. Bahamonde Noriega Master of Science ThesisPDF Image | Design method for s-CO2 gas turbine power plants
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