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4-2 Solar tower power plant 77 operation. However, the main challenge is the high pressure of the fluid (higher than that used for superheated steam). As mentioned earlier, a possible solution is to design modular fields, each one with its own power block. This approach could reduce the size of the system with shorter piping, smaller machinery, lower losses and faster dynamics [31]. The receiver is the heat exchanger in which the concentrated solar irradiation is transformed into thermal energy. It can be classified into external and cavity designs. The most common external receivers (tubular receivers) consist of several panels with connected vertical tubes that form a cylinder. The tubes are made of special materials covered with coatings in order to have a close to black body behavior. In the cavity receivers the solar irradiation passes through an aperture before hitting the heat transfer surface. This type of receivers have acceptance angles between 60 and 120◦ [75]. The tubular receivers with conventional panels have been used with steam, sodium and molten salts for temperatures up to 500-600◦C. The experience on this type of receivers with gas is scarce. However, temperatures up to 800- 900◦C are achievable [76]. Cylindrical external receivers are the most common choice for surrounding fields, which is the configuration taken in this study. The main costs of a solar power system are distributed among the heliostat field, the power block and the tower (receiver), with a total share of 74% [77]. The largest contribution of 43% of the total cost is produced by the heliostat field, which is why the present study focuses on the dimensioning of this component. 4-2-1 Local field efficiency The power transmitted to the receiver comprehends the contributions of each heliostat in the field. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the performance of these devices in order to establish a procedure to size the system according to the required power. The local heliostat field efficiency is the concept that helps measuring the performance of a single heliostat [10], ηHT = cos(ω)FSBFSPFAT, (4-40) where ω is the incidence angle, FSB is the blocking factor, FSP is the spillage factor, and FAT is the attenuation factor. Cosine efficiency The cosine efficiency, cos(ω), is related with the position of the sun, the heliostat and the receiver (see Figure 4-10). The heliostats have a sun tracking system with a normal vector Figure 4-10: Tower, heliostat and sun ray relative positions. Master of Science Thesis J.S. Bahamonde NoriegaPDF Image | Design method for s-CO2 gas turbine power plants
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