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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Circulated EGS Combined with IGCC in New Mexico 3.7.2 Binary Conversion Systems The binary conversion system converts heat to electricity by transferring the heat from the geothermal fluid to a secondary fluid which is then in turn used to drive a turbine. This method will use the geofluid as it is produced from the reservoir with no separation processes. A schematic of a typical binary system is presented in figure 24. The net thermal efficiency for a system is typically between 5 and 15% with lower thermal efficiencies at lower temperatures and higher thermal efficiencies at higher temperatures (Tester et. al., 2006). The binary system is most applicable for use with geothermal reservoir temperatures below 250oC and at moderate pressures (Tester et. al., 2006). There are several advantages for the use of binary conversion systems for use with mixtures of water and scCO2. Firstly there is a limit on the exposure of the corrosive mixture of fluids with expensive working parts. By containing the geofluid to a pipe, the corrosion can be controlled with appropriate coatings, and the corrosion that does occur can be predicted. After the appropriate time duration the pipe can be replaced. A second advantage is that a greater proportion of heat energy can be capture through the use engineered secondary heat transfer fluids. A third advantage for this system that is related to plant design is the use of a water based cooling tower instead of an air-based system. This will increase the conversion efficiency of the plant by approximately 0.2% and will help control cost (Mendrinos et al. 2011). As presented by Mendrinos et al. (2011) the ―cost of a high conversion efficiency air-cooled tower may cost 10 times more than the wet-cooled tower, which may result in raising overall plant costs by 50%.‖ Upon closer inspection of the binary energy conversion system there are doubts about the efficiency of the system that must be used to capture the energy potential of the scCO2. To deal with the estimated produced fluids pressures of ~3000 psia (thermo-siphon) will require thicker walled pipes within the heat exchanger. This introduces a substantial inefficiency in the heat exchanger. This inefficiency is presented in Figures 25(a) and 25(b). From this plot it can be see that thicker walled pipes have significant heat transfer inefficiencies associated with them. This inefficiency increases as pipe diameter increases. For a 24 inch diameter pipe the differences approximate an order of magnitude in energy that can be transmitted across the pipe. This inefficiency becomes less pronounced (Figure 25 (b)) as the pipe diameters decrease because the pipe wall thickness differences between the three schedules of pipe become less. (Please refer to the appendix at the end of this section for additional details.) There is an additional inefficiency in the system that is directly related to the nature of the scCO2. Following the calculations presented by Dagdan (2007) the maximum energy rate of scCO2 is approximately 30,000 KW while the maximum energy rate of water is 150,000 KW for an initial temperature of 210oC and a mass flow rate of 180 kg/s. Once the net thermal efficiency is considered the 30,000 KW becomes approximately 5,000 KW and after the heat transfer efficiency is considered are combined the likely power to be generated will be 500KW for the Penn State University | 3.7 Geothermal Energy Conversion Systems 40PDF Image | GREAT NECK WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT NASSAU COUNTY, NEW YORK MICROTURBINE INSTALLATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
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