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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Circulated EGS Combined with IGCC in New Mexico 4.4 Gas Cleaning Unit 4.4.1 Introduction The Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction is commonly utilized as an industrial process for hydrogen production. The WGS is a reaction between carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O) that is reversible and exothermic. Historically and currently, large scale WGS reactions are facilitated by catalysts in conjunction with methanol steam reforming where the hydrogen produced is used in hydrogen-consuming processes such as ammonia production or hydro processing of petroleum fractions (Platon, 2009 & Amphlett, 2004). The WGS reaction is an equilibrium reaction that can be ―shifted‖ to either side depending on the amount of reactants and products present in the system. WGS reactors are also used in conjunction with Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants. The synthesis gas from the gasifier, primarily composed of CO and H2, undergoes the WGS to form a product stream containing mostly H2 and CO2. The hydrogen is separated from the product stream and is fed to a turbine for combustion and electricity production (Amphlett, 2004). There are two general types of WGS reactors: Sour shift or Sweet shift. The type of reactor is based on the synthesis gas stream and whether acid gas removal is performed upstream or downstream of the reactor (Grol, 2009). The catalysts differ for these types based on resistance to sulfur and other acids that could be contained in the synthesis gas stream (Platon, 2009). The WGS is favored at low temperatures for driving the reaction toward the products but reaction kinetics are favored at high temperatures. For this reason, the WGS occurs in two stages: a high temperature shift and a low temperature shift. The high temperature shift allows for rapid CO conversion, converting the bulk of the CO, while the low temperature shift minimizes the CO-slip through the system (Grol, 2009). The catalysts differ for these two components. An excess of steam (H2O) is necessary to drive the reaction toward the products of CO2 and H2 (Klara, 2007). By varying amount of steam and the temperature of the reaction, the composition of the product stream can be optimized to contain the maximum amount of hydrogen allowable by thermodynamics. Mercury (Hg) removal is of particular importance as it is a harmful pollutant and will be potentially regulated by the EPA in the near future. By using an activated carbon bed, the mercury will be absorbed and removed from the synthesis gas stream (Klara, 2007). Acid Gas Removal allows for the removal of acidic gases such as H2S, COS, and CO2. This operation is performed to protect downstream catalysts (depending on its location within the plant) and meet environmental standards/regulations for emissions set by the government. There are three types of solvents used in the AGR process: chemical, physical, and hybrid. A shift from using chemical solvents such as MDEA to physical solvent such as Selexol and Rectisol is Penn State University | 4.4 Gas Cleaning Unit 67PDF Image | GREAT NECK WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT NASSAU COUNTY, NEW YORK MICROTURBINE INSTALLATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
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