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the total insolation received by the system was 923 MJ and the thermal loss for the ambient was estimated in 26 MJ. From these values, the authors calculated an average COP of 0.16. The daily ice production was not measured because the ice was formed inside the evaporator. If thermal losses in the ice production are neglected, a cooling charge of about 440 kJ can be assumed to produce 1 kg of ice; therefore, this system would have a daily ice production of 4.7 kg per m2 of solar panel. An innovative modular icemaker was tested by Khattab [64]. It placed the adsorbent in a glass container, which was positioned between reflector panels, as shown in Fig. 6. The author tested these panels at different inclinations to assess which configuration could allow the adsorber to reach higher temperatures. The area of each panel was 0.04 m2, and the diameter of the circular adsorber was 0.2 m2. In order to improve the thermal properties of the adsorbent bed, four types of bed techniques were proposed: i) black metallic meshes on both faces of the glass adsorber and granular carbon inside; ii) black metallic plates on both faces of the glass adsorber and granular carbon inside; iii) granular carbon mixed with small pieces of blackened steel; iv) granular carbon bonded with small pieces of blackened steel. Fig. 6. Reflector arrangements [64]. According to the author, the proposed design has several advantages over the conventional design because each module can be considered as a single refrigeration unit with simple structure, low cost and high solar energy concentration, due to the utilization of plane reflectors. The glass adsorber allows the adsorbent to receive the solar energy directly on both sides; thus, the effectiveness in the solar energy absorption is enhanced. As the adsorbent is uniformly heated during daytime, there is no need for insulation, which allows for effective cooling in nighttime. Due to the construction, the adsorber, the condenser and the evaporator are inside a single glass unit, which eliminates possible places for air infiltration, and reduces the necessity for maintenance. The configuration with granular carbon bonded with blackened steel and using the reflector panel position type (c) had a COP of 0.16 and a daily ice production of 9.4 kg per m2 of adsorber when the insolation was about 20 MJm-2 and the average outdoor temperature was 29 °C. Under winter conditions with insolation of 17 MJm-2 and an average outdoor temperature of 20 °C, the COP obtained was 0.14 with a daily ice production of 6.9 kg per m2. Oliveira [65] tested an adsorption icemaker with refrigerant mass recovery process that had a daily ice production of 1.2 and 1.6 kg per kg of adsorbent when the generating temperatures were 75 °C and 85 °C, respectively. The COP, in both cases, was about 0.08. The adsorbers were heated by a thermal fluid, and a flat plate collector could be employed to produce fluid at temperatures close to 85 °C. Higher ice production could be expected if the heat transfer in the evaporator was enhanced and if the time length of the vapour recovery was shortened. The time chosen in the experiments, due to experimental difficulties, was close to 20 % of the cycle time, although the greatest amount of mass recovery happened in the first minute of this process. A different approach to increase the overall efficiency of the adsorption icemaker was studied by Wang et al. [66], who joined a solar water heater and an icemaker in the same machine. This machine, shown in Fig. 7, used the working pair activated carbon-methanol and had 2 m2 of evacuated tube collectors to warm 60 kg of water up to 90 °C. The daily ice production was about 10 kg when the insolation was about 22 MJm-2. Fig. 7. Scheme of the solar powered water heater and refrigerator. 1) Solar collector; 2) water pipe; 3) adsorber; 4) condenser; 5) evaporator; 6) refrigerator (with cold storage); 7) hot water storage tank [66]. This system is a combination of solar powered water heating and adsorption refrigeration, where the adsorber remains 4PDF Image | International Sorption Heat Pump Conference
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