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Toruwa et al. [76] also studied a system, which is shown in Fig. 16, designed to provide conditioned air for grain storage. The system used solid compound desiccant comprised by a mixture of bentonite, CaCl2, vermiculite and cement with the mass ratio of 6:1:2:1. The compound desiccant was placed inside a 0.9 m2 flat plate collector. The dehumidified air, with 40 % reduced relative humidity, could be produced continually during nighttime at the rate of 2 m3min-1. During the daytime, the desiccant material was regenerated inside the collector, by an insolation around 19.5 MJm-2. wheel does the removal of the latent load and the chiller just does the removal of the sensible load. In such a situation, the chiller can work at evaporation temperatures close to 15 °C, instead of the usual 5 °C, which increases its efficiency. Lu and Yan [78] studied another kind of open sorption system for air dehumidification and that could be regenerated by solar energy. This system identified as solar desiccant enhanced radiative cooling (SDERC), used silica gel as adsorbent. It was installed on the ceiling and sidewalls, as shown in Fig. 18, of the Building 64 in the Industrial Technology Research Institute, in Taiwan. The sorption panels placed on the ceiling and sidewalls covered an area of 6.7 and 4.5 m2, respectively, and alternate their generation and adsorption phases to constantly produce dehumidified air. Fig. 18. Scheme of SDERC [78]. The dehumidification performance of the system greatly changes during the day, due to the different working conditions of the beds. The authors estimated that a mechanical compression air conditioning system would have the consumption of energy about 9 to almost 25 times higher than that of the studied system to perform a similar nighttime dehumidification. According to the authors, it is possible to save almost US$850 per year with the utilization of this system instead of the one with mechanical compression, provided that the electricity price is US$0.115 per kWh. Apart from the presented studies from the scientific literature, the European project Climasol [79] presented examples of buildings that already use solar powered sorption air conditioners. The examples include applications of solid sorption chillers and solid desiccant systems. Some of the chillers were installed in a university hospital located in Freiburg, Germany, and in the cosmetic company Sarantis S.A., in Greece, while some of the solid desiccant systems were installed in the Chamber of Commerce in Freiburg, and in the Renewable Energies Department, in Lisbon. The system in the university hospital has 230 m2 of evacuated tube collectors with that produce hot water used to power an adsorption chiller with a 70 kW cooling power, during summer, or to pre-heat the air during winter. The COP of this chiller is about 0.6 and the efficiency of the solar collectors is 32 %. € 353,000 was invested in this system, that was Fig. 16. Prototype of integrated desiccant/collector dehumidifier. (1, 2, 3) thermocouples [76]. Desiccant systems can also be used to improve the performance of evaporative cooling systems. A ventilation system for evaporative cooling with a desiccant wheel regenerated by solar energy is shown in Fig. 17. The evaporative cooling produces the cooling effect, however this effect is increased due to the dehumidification of the air by the sorbent. Such a system was studied by Henning et al. [77] and could produce inlet room air at 19 °C when the ambient temperature was as about 31 °C. The solar energy used for the regeneration of the sorbent was close to 76 % of the total input energy, and the COP of the system was 0.6. Fig. 17. Scheme of solar powered desiccant cooling system with backup heater. The combination of desiccant wheel with the conventional vapour compression chiller can also increase the efficiency of the latter. This happens because the thermal driven sorption 8PDF Image | International Sorption Heat Pump Conference
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