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The distributed energy utilization systems, like CCHP and CHP ones, with extensive employment of natural gas, seems to be the main direction of the Chinese policy for energy exploitation. Such systems can also increase the reliability of the power supply, which is vital to companies that work with computing, manufacturing and research functions. Furthermore, emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants like NOX, SO2 and VOC compounds could also be substantially reduced. According to the US Department of Energy, CHP systems have the potential of reducing annual greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25 million tonnes of carbon if the US Government goal to double the total capacity of installed units by 2010 was met [89]. The CCHP system installed at the beginning of 2000, in the St. Johannes hospital is composed by a fuel cell, solar collectors, a heat storage vessel, a mechanical compression chiller, an adsorption chiller, an ice storage tank and cooling ceilings. The energy collected by 116 m2 of solar panels and the waste heat from the fuel cell are stored as hot water in a vessel. The hot water drives a 105 kW Mycom ADR 30 adsorption chiller, manufactured by the Japanese company Mayekawa. The mechanical compression chiller is used to regulate the total cooling power of the system, but it is never in use during the peak hours, due to the presence of the ice storage tank [90]. The NG or LPG-fired micro-CCHP system studied in the SJTU is shown in Fig. 25. It is composed of a small-scale power generator set driven by a gas engine and a silica gel-water adsorption chiller. The refrigeration COP of this chiller is over 0.4 if it is driven by hot water at 85 °C. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency of the system is above 70%. This system could have a payback period between 2 and 3.2 years, for commercial buildings or between 1.7 and 2.4 years for hotels, if the natural gas price ranged from US$ 0.19 to 0.23 per Nm3. Detailed information about this system is shown by Wang et al. [91]. Desiccant systems can also be integrated into a CCHP system, as studied by Maranthan [92]. This author optimized the operation conditions of a CCHP system in Maryland University, where the exhaust air stream from a 60 kW micro turbine was used to power an absorption system and regenerate a solid desiccant wheel. The system could provide 5,000 m3h-1 of dehumidified air for space conditioning. 7. HEAT PIPES IN ADSORPTION SYSTEMS The high initial costs of the machines and the low heat transfer properties of the adsorbers are among the limitations for the commercial application of adsorption systems. The use of heat pipes could help in the reduction of these problems, not only due to the high heat flux density provided by these devices, but also due to the lack of moving parts to drive the heat transfer medium, which makes the whole system cheaper and more reliable. The condensation of the working fluid of the heat pipe can release the necessary heat to regenerate the adsorber while its vaporization can absorb the sensible heat and the sorption heat during the adsorption phase. Meunier [93] mentioned a study carried out at LIMSI where extremely high heat transfer coefficients of about 10 kWm-2 were obtained with the utilization of heat pipes in adsorption systems. Critoph [94] applied a heat pipe to heat and to cool the adsorber of an adsorption system. The author concluded that different fluids should be used for cooling and heating purposes. Fluids with different physical properties would avoid sub-atmospheric and very high working pressure, which is desirable because it eliminates both the occurrence of possible inward air leaks and the utilization of thick material to enclose the working fluid. Vasiliev et al. [95] designed an adsorption system that could be powered by solar energy or electricity. Heat pipes were used in the heat transfer fluid and refrigerant circuits. The heat sources supplied the necessary energy to evaporate the working fluid inside one of the heat pipe evaporators (16 in Fig. 26). When this fluid condensed, it released heat to regenerate the adsorbents (2). The two phase heat transfer device of this system was constructed as a vapour dynamic thermosyphon, which had one small boiler evaporator (16), two elongated cylindrical condensers inside the adsorber (9), a vapour chamber (16) with two flexible pipes for liquid flow (11), and one pipe for vapour flow (13). There were also two valves (10) on the pipes for liquid flow that were used to regulate the feeding of water into the boiler. FM FM 4 LPG tank LPG pipeline FM T P Pressure T FM T Fan coil units Fig. 25. Experimental CCHP layout: (T) temperature sensor; (P) pressure sensor; (FM) flow sensor; (Pe) electric power; (V) voltage; (I) current; (Hz) frequency [91]. FM Flow sensor Electric switch valve T P T Exhaust three-way 3 valve P T T FM T Heat recovery HE Jacket water cycle sensor 2 T Temperature sensor Insulated water tank P T Smoke flue T Plate HE 1 T water outlet Pump Cooling Electrical parameter tower measuring apparatus Chilled water Cooling water Adsorption chiller Heat source water Jacket Muffler Air inlet Smoke flue T Jacket water inlet Gas engine generator set Electric lamp unit equipment Pe V I Hz 12 T T T TPDF Image | International Sorption Heat Pump Conference
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