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using this compound could have a cooling density of about 330 MJm-3 at –10 °C, which is about 45 % higher than that obtained with powder CaCl2. Fig. 32 shows the consolidated compound before and after the adsorption. Fig. 31. Consolidated composite adsorbent made from CaCl2 and activated carbon. (a) (b) Fig. 32. Consolidated composite adsorbent from CaCl2 and expand graphite. (a) Before adsorption, (b) after adsorption [18]. Eun et al. [11], studied the thermal and mass transfer properties of a compound made from silica gel and expanded graphite. Composite blocks with 20 to 30 % of graphite mass, and under a compression pressure between 4 and 40 MPa, transfer is not a limiting factor in the performance of the studied compound. In general, consolidated adsorbents have lower mass-transfer properties than granular adsorbents, which could lead to very low adsorption rates especially for refrigerants evaporating under atmospheric pressure, such as water or methanol. Thus, besides experiments to identify the thermal conductivity and the wall heat transfer coefficient of these compounds, experiments to identify their permeability must also be performed when a new consolidated adsorbent is formulated. By controlling the compression pressure, and the mass ratio between the adsorbent and the inert material, it is possible to control the density of the final compound and its properties of heat and mass transfer. 8.4 Advanced cycles The aim of the researches focused on advanced cycles with heat management is the increase of the COP, since in the conventional adsorption cycle, this figure of merit is usually smaller than 0.4 [100]. In the cycle with heat recovery, one adsorber, at the beginning of the adsorption phase, releases heat to a cold adsorber, which is starting the generation phase. Theoretically, this process can continue until the temperatures of both adsorbers are similar, but for practical reasons, it usually stops when the difference between the temperatures is within the range of 5 to 15 °C. Then, the adsorbers are connected to a heat sink and heat source, to finish, respectively, the adsorption and the generation process. Due to this heat management, about 35% of the total energy transmitted to each adsorber can be internally recovered, including part of the sorption enthalpy [44]. Higher COPs can be expected with cycles that employ heat regeneration process, which is also called thermal wave. The inlet fluid temperatures (points A and C in Fig. 33) are the same as the heat sink and heat source temperatures, respectively. The outlet fluid temperatures (points B and D) change with the time. Fig. 33. Adsorption cycle with heat regeneration. In the heat regeneration process, the heat transfer fluid flows successively through: i) one adsorber, which is being cooled; ii) the heat source; iii) another adsorber, which is being heated; and iv) the heat sink. When the gradient of temperature between the inlet and outlet heat transfer fluid from the first adsorber is large, only a limited heat power is required from the showed a permeability of between 3 and 40×10-12 m2, and a -1 -1 thermal conductivity of between 10 and 20 Wm K . These values of thermal conductivity are much higher than the 0.17 Wm-1K-1 usually found in granular silica gel packed bed. Non-uniform reaction blocks, made from metallic salts impregnated into an expanded graphite matrix, were manufactured by Lee et al. [19]. These blocks were designed to improve the heat and mass transfer performance of chemical heat pump adsorbers. In contrast with other compounds that have uniform properties, such as the bulk density and the expanded graphite mass fraction, the studied blocks were prepared to increase the bulk density gradually in the radius direction from 165 to 394 kg m-3. The experimental results showed that these blocks have much better heat transfer capability, since the temperature gap between the inner and outer sides of the bed was smaller than that in the uniform reaction blocks. Han et al. [12] measured the effective thermal conductivity and the gas permeability of a compound adsorbent made from expanded graphite impregnated with MnCl2. The compound tested had a graphite bulk density of between 100 and 250 kg m-3, and the values obtained were in the range from 14.0 to 25.6 Wm-1K-1 for the thermal conductivity and between 8.1×10-15 and 2.5 × 10-13 m2 for the permeability. The results of a simulation using these experimental data showed that when the operating pressure was equal or bellow 1.0 bar and the graphite bulk density of the reactive medium was higher than 200 kg m-3, the rate of global conversion was significantly reduced by the mass-transfer limitation. The absence of a distinctive heat front in the adsorbent was noticed, which could mean that heat 16PDF Image | International Sorption Heat Pump Conference
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