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The adsorption research team of the SJTU has successfully used mass recovery in the development of adsorption systems. The improvements were in the order of 7 to 22 % for the SCP and 20 to 30 % for the COP, depending on the application and operation conditions [71,81]. Although the advanced cycles can increase the performance of the adsorption systems, the complexity of the system also increases. Therefore, among the studied advanced cycles, the mass recovery cycle seems to be one of the most cost effective ways to improve both COP and SCP. 9. CONCLUSIONS Since the interest in adsorption systems was renewed in the last 20 years, the COP and the SCP of these systems greatly increased due to the work of several research groups. The Tab. 4 shows some of the best performances obtained by different prototypes manufactured during this period, for the applications and heat sources discussed in this paper. The results should not be compared to one another, as they were obtained under different working conditions, but they should be used as a reference of what can be expected from these systems. Most solar icemaker prototypes have a daily ice production between 4 and 7 kg per m2 of solar collector, with a solar COP between 0.10 and 0.15. These values could increase even more if the future machines start to be manufactured with consolidated adsorbent. Solar energy can also drive desiccant systems that can be are used to remove the latent load and humidity of the air. Simple systems as described by Ismail [75] and Toruwa [76] can be applied for air conditioning in grain storage. These systems can also be combined with evaporative cooling or with mechanical compression systems to increase their performance. In both cases, the desiccant material can be regenerated by waste heat or solar energy. Such applications are already found in some buildings in Europe [79]. After several projects aimed to increase the performance of the adsorption chillers with the pair silica gel-water, these chillers can be currently found on the market and they are already under operation as part of the air conditioning systems located in buildings or in a chinese grain depot. As the adsorptive beds of the chillers can be regenerated by low-grade temperatures, waste heat or solar energy can be used as heat source. These chillers can also be employed in CCHP systems as demonstrated by the application in a hospital situated in Germany, and by recent studies in the Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency in these systems can be above 70%. When applied to commercial buildings, a CCHP with rated electricity power of 12 kW, rated cooling power of 10 kW and rated heating power of 28 kW would have a payback period of between 2 and 3.2 years if the price of the natural gas ranged from US$ 0.19 to 0.23 per Nm3 [91]. Tab. 4. Performance of adsorption systems for different applications. Application Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Heat source temperature or insolation 20 MJm-2day-1 105 °C 18.1 – 19.2 MJm-2day-1 17 – 20 MJm-2day-1 15.4 MJm-2day-1 20 MJm-2day-1 <120 °C <120 °C 55 °C 100 °C 65 °C 75 – 95 °C 80 – 95 °C 80 °C 232 °C 204 °C 230 °C 310 °C 100 °C 230 – 300 °C Working Pair AC-Methanol AC- NH3 AC-Methanol AC-Methanol Silica gel-water AC+blackened steel-Methanol AC-Methanol AC+CaCl2-NH3 Silica gel-Water AC-Methanol Silica gel-Water Silica gel-Water Silica gel-Water Silica gel-Water AC-NH3 Zeolite-Water Zeolite-Water Zeolite-Water AC-NH3 Zeolite-Water COP 0.12 0.10 0.12 - 0.14 0.13 - 0.15 10.16 0.16 0.18 0.41 0.36 0.4 0.28 0.35-0.60 0.3-0.6 0.33-0.5 SCP or ice production 6 kg day-1 m-2 35 W kg-1 5.0 – 6.0 kg day-1 m-2 6.0 – 7.0 kg day-1 m-2 2.05 MJ day-1 m-2 29.4 kg day-1 m-2 27 W kg-1 3731 W kg-1 3.2 kW Unit-1 73.1 W kg-1 12.0 kW Unit-1 15.0 kWm-3 520 Wkg-1 91.7-171.8 W kg-1 Year Ref. 1986 54 1997 83 2002 57 2004 58 2004 63 2004 64 2005 82 2005 3 2001 69 2001 70 2003 72 2004 73 2004 74 2005 71 1996 102 1988 101 1999 31 2000 80 2003 87 2004 85 0.42-1.19 6NA 0.6-1.6 0.41 0.38 0.2 0.20 - 0.21 36-144 W kg-1 97 W kg-1 25.7 W kg-1 600 W kg-1 21.4 – 30 W kg-1 1 Average value obtained during 30 days of continuous operation. 2. Based on the area of the adsorber, which was different from the area of the reflector panels. 3. The SCP is based on the mass of CaCl2 inside one adsorbent bed and on the adsorption time. 4 To be published in International Journal of Refrigeration. 5 At generation temperature of 95 °C. 6 Not informed. 18PDF Image | International Sorption Heat Pump Conference
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