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Unless higher generation temperatures are employed to regenerate the beds of the chillers, which is not always possible for solar powered systems, further improvements in the COP may be obtained only with new designs that reduce the thermal capacity of the adsorber, because at low generation temperatures, just a limited heat recovery is possible. When higher heat source temperatures are available, which is the case of CCHP systems, it is reasonable to expect that COPs higher than 2 could be obtained with chemical reaction chillers using internal heat management, as the predicted Carnot COP at 300 °C can be as high as 3 [93]. The cost of adsorption chillers, that nowadays is about US$ 7,000 for a 10 kW-unit, could be reduced by mass production and by the use of technologies that could reduce or simplify their components. Heat pipes are among the technologies suitable to accomplish such a goal, as demonstrated with some experiments performed at the SJTU [72, 96,97]. Consolidated compound adsorbents have shown their potential to increase the cooling performance of the adsorption refrigeration machines and should be employed when ever possible. A modular air conditioner with consolidated carbon presented a SCP of 600 Wkg-1 and a COP of 0.2 [87]. This prototype was produced in a double module configuration with small cooling power (100 W). Experiments with higher number of modules have not been tested yet to confirm if this high SCP could be kept under higher cooling power applications. The adsorption research team of the SJTU recently achieved successful results with the utilization of consolidated composite compound. A new prototype of adsorption icemaker presented a cooling power, based on the length of the cooling period and in the mass of salt, of 731 Wkg-1, and a COP of 0.41, when the evaporation temperature was –15 °C. This prototype was designed to operate on fishing boats and uses split heat pipe technology to allow direct heating and cooling of the adsorbers by exhaust gases of diesel engines and by seawater, respectively. From the examples presented, it is possible to consider that adsorption systems can be an alternative to reduce the CO2 emissions and the electricity demand when they are driven by waste heat or solar energy. Although, for a broader utilization, the researches should continue aiming for improvements in heat transfer, reductions of manufacturing costs, and for the formulation of new adsorbent compounds with enhanced adsorption capacity and improved heat and mass transfer properties. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China under contract No. 50225621. It is also partly supported by the National Key Fundamental Research Program under contract No. G2000026309, the Teaching and Research Award Program for Outstanding Young Teachers in Higher Education Institutions of MOE, China, and the Shuguang Training Program of Shanghai Education Commission under contract No. 02GG03. The authors thank Elsevier for the permission to use the Figs. 2-7, 10, 12, 16, 18, 21-23 and 26, from the references 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 76, 78, 85, 85, 87 and 95, respectively. REFERENCES [1] R. E. Critoph (1988) Performance limitations of adsorption cycles for solar cooling. Solar Energy. 41(1); 21-31. [2] L. Luo, M. Feidt. (1992) Thermodynamics of adsorption Cycles: A Theoretical Study. Heat Transfer Engng. 13(4); 19-31. [3] Y. Teng, R. Z. Wang, J. Y. Wu (1997) Study of the Fundamentals of Adsorption Systems. Appl. Thermal Engng. 17(4); 327-338. [4] U. Huber, F. Stoeckli, J. P. Houriet (1978) A generalization of the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation for the filing of heterogeneous micropore systems in strongly activated carbons. J. Colloid and Interface Science. 67(2); 195-203. [5] F. P. Passos (1986) Etude des couples charbon actif/methanol et de leur application a la refrigerations solaire. Ph.D. Thesis. Dep Mecanique, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Switzerland; 101 p. [6] J. J. Guilleminot, A. Choisier, J. B. Chalfen, S. Nicolas, J. L. Reymoney (1993) Heat transfer intensification in fixed bed adsorbers. Heat Recovery systems & CHP. 13(4); 297-300. [7] S. Mauran, P. Prades, F. L`Haridon (1993): Heat and mass transfer in consolidated reacting beds for thermochemical systems. Heat Recovery Systems & CHP. 13(4); 315-319. [8] R. E. Critoph (1996) Evaluation of alternative refrigerant-adsorbent pairs for refrigeration cycles. Appl. Thermal Engng. 16(11); 891-900. [9] Z. Liu, Y. Lu, J. Zhao (1998) Zeolite-active carbon compound adsorbent and its use in adsorption solar cooling tube Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 52; 45-53. [10] J. J. Guilleminot, (1998) From pellet to composite adsorbent bed: evolutions of adsorber technologies. Proc. of Fundamentals of Adsorption (FOA6). France. [11]T.H.Eun,H.K.Song,J.H.Han,K.H.Lee,J.N.Kim (2000) Enhancement of heat and mass transfer in silica-expanded graphite composite blocks for adsorption heat pumps: Part I. Characterization of the composite blocks. Int. J. Refrig. 23; 64-73. [12] J. H. Han, K. H. Lee, D. H. Kim, H. Kim (2000) Transformation analysis of thermochemical reactor based on thermophysical properties of graphite-MnCl2 complex. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39; 4127-4139. [13] R. G. Oliveira, Z. Tamainot-Telto, V. Silveira Jr (2001) Equilibrium characterisation of carbon C119-ammonia and carbon C119-dimethyl ether pairs and application in adsorption refrigeration design. Proc. of XVI Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering (COBEM 2001). Brazil. [14] Z. Tamainot-Telto, R. E. Critoph (2001) Monolithic carbon for sorption refrigeration and heat pump applications. Appl. Thermal Engng. 21; 37-52. [15] A. Freni, M. M. Tokarev, G. Restuccia, A. G. Okunev, Yu. I. Aristov (2002) Thermal conductivity of selective water sorbents under the working conditions of a sorption chiller. App. Thermal Engng. 22; 1631-1642. [16] M. Li, H. B. Huang, R. Z. Wang, L. L. Wang, W. D. Cai, W. M. Yang (2004) Experimental study on adsorbent of activated carbon with refrigerant of methanol and ethanol for solar ice maker. Renewable Energy. 29; 2235-2244. [17] L. W. Wang, R. Z. Wang, J. Y. Wu, K. Wang (2004) Compound adsorbent for adsorption ice maker on fishing 19PDF Image | International Sorption Heat Pump Conference
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