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Summary Initially the ozone layer is described and the impact that certain refrigerants have on it. The concept of global warming is also described and the impact of some refrigerants, and the energy-related impact associated with the operation of refrigeration systems are discussed. The primary motivation for the introduction of alternative refrigerants, namely the Montreal Protocol and latterly the Kyoto Protocol are emphasized. The reader should be able to: • Identify the main environmental problems related to RAC installations • Identify the role of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants in ozone layer depletion • Identify how RAC contributes to global warming • Identify the measures of the Montreal Protocol and the schedule for refrigerants phase-out. 1.1. Introduction Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump applications represent the major consumer of halogenated chemical substances used as refrigerants; it is also one of the most important energy sector users in our society today. It is estimated that, on average, for developed countries, the RAC sectors are responsible for 10-20% of electricity consumption. The economic impact of refrigeration applications is significant; estimates indicate 300 million tonnes of continually refrigerating goods, with huge annual electricity consumption, and about US$ 100 billion in equipment investments, where the estimated value of the products treated by refrigeration are about four times this sum. This is one of the reasons why economic impacts of the elimination of refrigerant chemical substances such as CFCs and in the near future HCFCs have been hard to calculate. Although HCFCs had been used since the 1930s, because of their relatively low ozone depleting potential (ODP), they were not at first included in the controls for ODS. As such, they were used within mixture of other chemical compounds to enable the easy replacement of CFCs. It was, however, acknowledged at the time that these chemicals were transitional since their production and consumption was also to be phased out under the Montreal Protocol. 1 About The Ozone Layer 4 About the Montreal Protocol 4 Environmental ImpactPDF Image | Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
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