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1 Global warming The earth’s temperature is maintained by a balance between heating from solar radiation flowing in from the sun, and cooling from infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s warm surface and atmosphere escaping back to into space. The sun is the earth’s only external source of heat. When solar radiation, in the form of visible light, reaches the earth, some is absorbed by the atmosphere and reflected from clouds and land (especially from deserts and snow). CHAPITRE 1 The remainder is abPAsGoE 2r4bed by the surface which is heated and in THE CONCEPT OF GLOBAL WARMING In a greenhouse, glass allows sunlight in but prevents some infrared radiation from escaping. The gases in the earth’s atmosphere which exert a similar effect are called “greenhouse gases” (GHGs). Of the man-made greenhouse gases, the most important are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and the halocarbons (CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs). Different gases absorb and trap varying amounts of infrared radiation. They also persist in the atmosphere for differing time periods and influence atmospheric chemistry (especially ozone) in different ways. For example, a molecule of R12 has about the same effect on radiation as 16,000 CO2 molecules. A molecule of methane has approximately 21 times the effect of CO2; but its lifetime is far shorter. The GWP is an index which compares the warming effect over time of different gases relative to equal emissions of CO2 (by weight). A table of the ODP and GWP of various refrigerants is included in Chapter 2. HFCs do not have chlorine, and in this way, don’t destroy the ozone layer, but they do contribute to global warming. For this reason, they are in the group of gases controlled by Kyoto Protocol. These gases are: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Scientific measurements have shown that in the last century, the Earth’s average near-surface atmospheric temperature rose 0.6 ± 0.2 °C, mostly attributable to human activities increasing the concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, a global temperatures increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C between 1990 and 2100 has been predicted by the models and disseminated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). turn warms the atmosphere. The warm surface and atmosphere of the earth emit invisible infrared radiation. While the atmosphere is relatively transparent to solar radiation, infrared radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere by many less abundant gases. Though present in small amounts, these trace gases act like a blanket, preventing much of the infrared radiation from escaping directly to space. By slowing the release of cooling radiation, these gases warm the earth’s surface. This process is illustrated here: TROPOSPHER SUN SUN’S RADIATION The concept of global warming EARTH 24 Environmental Impact I S E S A G E S U P P A R T O G N H E N E B D E N E R O I G T A I D A R D E R A R F N IPDF Image | Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
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