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1 The greenhouse warming effect causes an increase in global temperatures and consequently potentially catastrophic effects, such as rising sea level, changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation, increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, higher or lower agricultural yields, glacier retreat, and so on. These are the reasons why the international community has decided to control the emissions of GHGs through the Kyoto Protocol signed in 1997 and entered into force in 2005. Direct global warming of refrigerants The halocarbons, and among them the main refrigerants, absorb the infrared radiation in a spectral range where energy is not removed by CO2 or water vapour, thus causing a warming of the atmosphere. In fact these halocarbons are strong GHGs since their molecules can be thousands of times more efficient at absorbing infrared radiation than a molecule of CO2. CFCs and HCFCs have also a significant indirect cooling effect, since they contribute to the depletion of stratospheric ozone that is a strong UV radiation absorber, but this effect is less certain and should vanish with the reduction of the ozone hole. The direct warming potential of a molecule is proportional to its radiative effect and increases with its atmospheric lifetime. The direct global warming effect of a given mass of substance is the product of the GWP and the amount of the emissions: this explains why CO2 has a much greater overall contribution to global warming than halocarbons, since the total mass of CO2 emitted around the world is considerably more massive than the mass of emitted halocarbons. Direct emissions of GHGs may occur during the manufacture of the GHG, during their use in products and processes and at the end of their life. Thus, the evaluation of their emissions over all their life, cycle is necessary. It is noteworthy that at present a large amount of halogenated refrigerants is in banks (i.e. CFC, HCFC and HFC that have already been manufactured but have not yet been released into the atmosphere such as contained in existing equipment, products and stockpiles, etc.) It is estimated that in 2002, the total amount of refrigerants (CFC and HFC) banked in domestic refrigeration, i.e. the sum of refrigerant charge contained in all refrigerators in operation or wasted, amounted to 160,000 tonnes. Despite the fall in the production of CFCs, the existing bank of CFCs, as refrigerant in all RAC applications and including the amount contained in foams, is over 1.1 million tonnes and is therefore a significant source of potential emissions. Banks of HCFCs and HFCs are being established as use increases. The management of CFC and HCFC banks is not controlled by the Montreal Protocol or taken into account under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The emission of these banks could give a significant contribution to global warming in the future. Energy-related contribution to global warming When considering the global warming impact of RAC equipment, one should address both the “direct” emissions, and the energy- related emissions. When these two contributions are added together, it provides and overall appreciation of the greenhouse gas impact of the equipment as a whole. The direct emissions are those of the refrigerant itself, for example, when the refrigerant leaks out, or when it is released during servicing or disposal. The energy-related contribution is represented by the emissions of GHGs (mainly CO2) that arise from the production of electricity from, for example, fossil fuels. Over the entire life cycle of the RAC equipment, considerable amounts of electricity will be consumed, and in many countries, this is mainly generated through the burning of high-carbon content fuels, such as coal, oil and gas. In certain 25 Environmental ImpactPDF Image | Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
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