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2 Carbon dioxide (CO2, R744) Carbon dioxide contains carbon and oxygen, and is widely used within many industries. It had been extensively applied as a refrigerant since the mid-1800s, but this also ceased with the advent of the CFCs and HCFCs. From the later 1990s, its has re- emerged as a refrigerant and its use is currently increasing within industrial refrigeration, cold storage, commercial refrigeration and hot-water heat pumps, amongst others. R744 is chemically stable, and does not react under most conditions, and is compatible with many materials. The pressure-temperature characteristic of R744 are different from most conventional refrigerants, in that it operates at pressures, for example, approximately seven times higher than R22, which necessitates the system to be designed with special consideration to high pressures. In addition, it has a low critical temperature, such that when ambient temperatures exceed about +25°C, a special system design is required. Otherwise, it’s thermodynamic and transport properties are excellent, leading to potentially highly efficient systems within cooler climates. Due to its lower toxicity and non-flammability, it has an A1 safety classification. Unlike the fluorinated gases, it has no impact on the ozone layer so is not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. However, despite it having a GWP of 1, it is included within the Kyoto Protocol, but its use it not restricted as a result of this. R744 is very cheap and widely available from specialist retailers. Refrigerant numbering Chemical names of typical refrigerants are generally long and complex. In order to create a more simple way to designated refrigerants a method of identifying them by number was developed. IIR’s note on classification of refrigerants that describes the basic rules for adopting the number of the refrigerant (see www.iifiir.org/en/doc/1034.pdf). The classification is based on the standard ASHRAE 34 and makes it possible to name all refrigerants used in a clear and internationally recognised way by classifying them according to their chemical composition. Basically an identifying number is assigned to each refrigerant. It consists of a prefix made up of letters and a suffix made up of digits. The prefix is composed of the letter R (for refrigerant). Examples: R22, R134a, R600a, R717. Blended refrigerants, whether they are zeotropic or azeotropic, always being with R4xx or R5xx, respectively. Refrigerant blends characteristics and pros and cons: Lubricants properties and choices: Refrigerant blends 4 Lubricants 4 Once you have explored these characteristics the next button introduces refrigerants and their appropriate use: Using Refrigerant Blends 4 45 RefrigerantsPDF Image | Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
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