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6 Oxygen displacement All refrigerants will displace air if released, and when oxygen levels are depleted, asphyxiation of people (and animals) occurs. Often, this is manifest by a loss of consciousness without the individual being aware that it is happening. Furthermore, most refrigerants are denser than air, which means that rooms below ground, seated areas, and enclosed spaces are more susceptible. Since most refrigerants are odourless, occupants may not be aware that oxygen is being displaced, and may become asphyxiated before they become aware of this problem. If a large release of refrigerant occurs, the area should be evacuated immediately. Good ventilation must be provided in areas where high concentrations of the vapour could accumulate. Once the area is evacuated, it must be ventilated using blowers or fans to circulate the air at floor-level: the lowest point possible. Before performing maintenance in areas where refrigerants could have accumulated, a thorough assessment must be carried out in order to determine whether respiratory protection is required. It is worth noting that within the field of RAC, there have been more fatalities associated with oxygen displacement than with any other aspect. It is essential to use appropriate breathing apparatus to retrieve someone who has lost consciousness. Toxicological effects All refrigerants have some toxicological effects, primarily when inhaled, but also if they are ingested or come into contact with skin or other body parts. Normally, the various toxicological effects are considered according to the potentially dangerous concentrations, and for each substance, maximum concentrations are issued. Many countries tend to have their own criteria, definitions and allowable concentrations. However, across most countries, there are two values, which are based on exposure in the workplace: • A long-term exposure limit, based on an 8-hour time weighted average reference period, and • A short-term exposure limit, based on a 15-minute time weighted average reference period The long-term exposure limit represents the allowable concentration that workers can be constantly exposed to during their working hours, without any adverse effects. The short-term exposure limit applies to the maximum concentrations that can be tolerated by most people in the event of a catastrophic release, where they need to make an emergency escape. Concentrations are normally specified in parts per million (ppm) or milligramme (mg) per m3. These exposure limits have different names in different countries. For example, in the UK they are termed the Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL), in Japan, France and Germany they are Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL), in the USA they are Permissible Exposure 125 Safe Refrigerant HandlingPDF Image | Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
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