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6 Safe handling of carbon dioxide (CO2, R744) CO2 is a relatively safe refrigerant compared to natural and artificial working fluids. It is classified in group A1, which are the refrigerants with low toxicity and non-flammable, according to ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals and ISO 817: 2005, which is the international standard for refrigerant safety classification. A1 is the group that contains the refrigerants that are least hazardous and without an identified toxicity at concentrations below 400 ppm. Naturally, CO2 exists in the atmosphere at concentrations around 350 ppm and for concentrations between 300 and 600 PPM people do not usually notice the difference. According to ASHRAE, a CO2 concentration of 1000 ppm is the recommended limit to satisfy comfort for the occupants, where in a CO2 controlled ventilation system fresh air should be supplied so that the CO2 concentration level will not exceed this value. This is the case of an application when a small CO2 generation rate is expected due to different human activities. However, in the case of high leakage rate that might occur in supermarket space or in the machine room, the consequences of serious health hazards, such as suffocation, must be taken into account. Different concentrations of CO2 and the expected health consequences (GTZ2008) 1 - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) revised Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): Time-Weighted Average (TWA) concentration that must not be exceeded during any 8 hour per day 40 hour per week. 2 - Threshold Limit Value (TLV): TWA concentration to which one may be repeatedly exposed for 8 hours per day 40 hours per week without adverse effect. 140 Safe Refrigerant HandlingPDF Image | Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
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