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6 3 - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): a 15-minute TWA exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a workday. 4 - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) value. 5 - IDLH: maximum level for which one could escape within 30 minutes without any escape-impairing symptoms or any irreversible health effects. CO2 has a main drawback of not being self-alarming by lacking a distinctive odour or colour. This implies that facilities where CO2 may leak must be equipped with sensors that trigger alarm when the concentration level exceeds 5000 ppm, above which CO2 concentration may have effect on health. CO2 is heavier than air and therefore will collect close to the floor when it leaks; thus, the sensors and the ventilators in the space where CO2 might leak should be located close to the floor. In case of component rupture, the fact that CO2 has relatively high operating pressure compared to other refrigerants raises questions concerning the hazards of blast effects, shocks and flying fragments. The sudden depressurization leads to explosive vaporization and a transient overpressure peak that may burst the vessel. The explosive energy per kg for CO2 is high compared to R22. However, when the comparison is made for ductless residential air conditioning system with equal cooling or heating capacities and similar efficiencies then owing to the smaller volume and refrigerant charge of the CO2 system, the actual explosive energies are in the same range. In the supermarket system the expected explosive energy may be higher than the cases with conventional systems. This is due to the presence of the accumulation tank in most of the CO2 system solutions which increases the system’s charge and volume. However, the explosive energy is more of a concern with systems where the occupants are close to the system’s components; such as mobile air conditioning (MAC) and residential air conditioning. In supermarket systems the high pressure components are in the machine room and the distribution lines are usually kept in a distance from the consumers. 141 Safe Refrigerant HandlingPDF Image | Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians
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