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Published in: Euroheat & Power, Volume, 10/2002 8 production or as a secondary raw material with fertilising and liming effects on forest or agricultural soils. The third ash fraction, the filter fly ash, precipitated in the wet ESP as sludge, has to be separately collected and disposed of due to its high heavy metal concentrations. Following this approach, the mineral cycle in the course of thermal biomass utilisation can almost be closed and heavy metals, accumulated in the ecosystem by environmental pollution, can be efficiently extracted. The condensate from the flue gas condensation unit is pH stabilised (the pH value is kept at 7.5 by alkali addition in order to minimise the dissolution of heavy metals) and is then separated from the sludge in a sedimentation tank. In this way, the condensate can be directly discharged into rivers or into a sewer. The ORC process does not cause any solid, liquid or gaseous emissions, since it is completely closed. 9 Application potential and future development targets Summing up, it can be stated that the new biomass CHP technology based on the ORC process is an economically and technologically interesting solution for decentralised applications [6, 7]. The potential for such plants in Austria is very large if one considers that more than 400 biomass district heating plants are in operation and that about 50 biomass-fired boilers with a nominal capacity above 1.0 MWth are installed in Austria. A basic requirement for an ecological and cost-effective operation of such CHP plants is that not only the electricity but also the heat produced by the ORC process can be utilised as process or district heat (heat-controlled operation of the overall system). The greatest application potential of biomass-fired CHP plants based on ORC cycles is represented by medium-sized wood manufacturing and wood processing enterprises, decentralised waste- wood combustion plants as well as biomass district heating plants (newly erected or adapted existing plants). Compact ORC modules are available in container size with nominal capacities between 400 and 1,500 kWel. Further biomass CHP projects based on the ORC technology already implemented or in the implementation stage are located in Fussach (A), where a combined electricity and cold production from biomass takes place (nominal electric capacity 1,100 kWel), and near Vienna (nominal electric capacity 1,000 kWel). A third project with a nominal electric capacity of 1,500 kW will be realised in the year 2003 in Toblach (I). Future development aims focus on a further improvement of the electrical efficiency by two-stage ORC cycles as well as by combined hot air turbine - ORC cycles. Acknowledgement This project received financial support from the European Commission within the 5th Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (project number: NNE5-2000-00475), from the Austrian Kommunalkredit AG (federal environmental funding program), and from the state government of Tyrol. This financial support is gratefully acknowledged. 8PDF Image | ORC process integrated in the biomass CHP plant in Lienz, Austria
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