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25 20 15 10 5 0 Investment Costs for Natural Gas Fuel Cells in 2100 median = 1000 US$90/kW IIASA-WEC A1, A2, A3, B, C1, C2 450 ppmv stabilization 550 ppmv stabilization 650 ppmv stabilization 750 ppmv stabilization Baseline scenarios <200 200-400 400-600 600-800 800- 1000- 1200- 1400- 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Investment costs, US$90/kW 1600- >1800 Figure C. Histogram of investment costs for natural-gas fuel cells (Gas FC) across scenarios in 2100. Abbreviation Technology Description Coal Std IGCC Oil ppl Gas Std GCC GCC 0C Aggregation of various types of traditional (single steam cycle) coal power plants. These include plant types without FGD and DENOX, but also other types with FGD up to 90 percent and DENOX up to 50 percent. Some potential for district heat co-generation. Efficiencies for the model base year (1990) range between 38 and 40 percent. Plant life is 30 years and plant factor (availability of utilization) 65 percent. Integrated (coal) gasification combined cycle with 99 percent FGD and DENOX. Some potential for co-generation. Initial efficiency in the base year (1990) is 43 percent plant life is 30 years and plant factor 65 percent. Aggregation of various types of oil power plants (includes e.g., Rankine cycle with low NOx emissions and 90 percent DENOX, but also light oil fueled engine plants). Some potential for co-generation. Initial efficiency in the base year (1990) ranges between 40 and 46 percent, plant life is 30 years, plant factor 65 percent. Standard natural gas power plant (Rankine cycle) with district heat co- generation. Initial efficiency in the base year (1990) is 40 percent, plant life is 30 years and, plant factor 65 percent. Natural gas combined cycle power plant including some potential for co- generation. Initial efficiency in the base year (1990) is 50 percent, plant life is 30 years and plant factor 65percent. Natural gas combined cycle power plant with zero carbon emissions. CO2 is assumed to be re-injected in gas or oil fields (e.g., for enhanced recovery). Efficiency loss due to re-injection (compared to GCC) about 1 percent. Plant life is 30 years and plant factor 65 percent. Number of ScenariosPDF Image | Organisations in Different Renewables
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