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REVIEW OF SOLID BIOFUELS There are thousands of publications and articles describing the technical and market potentials of biomasses. Furthermore, there are plant specific stories, mainly success stories, telling the advantages of that particular plant. When we think of the investments on the energy business, there are two decisive factors influencing on the commercial life cycle of the power plant: the price and the security of supply of the fuel. The technical lifetime of a typical heat or power plant is at least 20 years, preferably 25-30 years. It is not easy to negotiate a firm and fair fuel supply agreement, if the plant uses one fuel only. Therefore in Finland, for instance, the heat and power plants are capable of using various fuels and their mixtures. In the Finnish case these fuels are wood and peat. Their mutual share varies depending on the outside temperature and the availability, not forgetting the price at the plant. This multi fuel concept seems to be the reasonable way to increase the share of biofuels. Although peat is not officially classified as renewable biofuel, it is the essential fuel in order to increase the wood fuels, especially the green chips made from spruce dominated logging residues. The green chips contain alkalines, especially potassium, which causes corrodive deposits on the superheater tubes inside the boiler. Without going into details, this corrosion phenomenon can be avoided by using peat as an additional fuel mixed with green chips. Furthermore, with two fuels the plant has safer price stability and safer supply around the year. The new boilers with fluidized bed combustion technique easily adapt variety of fuels. The old (dust) boilers can also burn biofuels, if the fuel meets the technical parameters of the boiler. These are usually the particle size and the moisture. There are good examples of the old coal power plants, which replace part of the coal with wood like sawdust or wood pellets. It is always cheaper to use and modify the existing capacity than to invest into a new capacity. This partly explains why the progress with the biofuels seems to be slow. The energy sector is rather conservative and therefore big jumps forwards cannot be expected. The bank and finance sector also trusts on the proven technology rather than unproven solutions and this may cause difficulties in financing new plants. This has led to the public subsidies of biomass derived fuels and their combustion plants. I have compiled two tables where the current situation and the future trends in some European countries can be seen. These tables are based on research work conducted by the State Research Center of Finland, VTT. As we can see, the practice to promote biofuels varies country by country. The common denominator seems to be the investment aids and the promotion programs. The second table tries to sound the main development trends on those same countries including the European Union and some candidate countries. There is a large distribution of the trends and the main emphasis seems to be in the bioenergy market development. The table depicts the national interests and local conditions. It should be noted also that the bioenergy trade in Europe is approximately 1 Mtoe. This, of course, emphasizes the locality of the biofuels and their importance as a local supply source. Increasing the share of biofuels means the shift towards distributed energy systems as can also be seen at the table 2.PDF Image | Organisations in Different Renewables
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