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hot gas as a heat source and ambient air as the heat sink. Minor modifications were required to existing HVAC hardware to obtain the optimized ORC components. The air-cooled condenser for the ORC system is derived from the Carrier commercial unitary product line with only slight circuiting adjustments to account for the lower density of R245fa in the condenser. The R245fa evaporator is a derivative from the generator in the gas-fired absorption product line. The turbine is a slightly modified centrifugal compressor design [5]. 4. EXISTING INSTALLATIONS Three 200 kW power producing installations using different waste heat sources have been in operation since January 2004. The exhaust heat of an Pratt and Whitney FT12 gas turbine is used as heat input source for the organic Rankine cycle in East-Hartford, CT. A second installation uses the heat from a landfill flare in Austin, TX while the exhaust heat from three Jenbacher reciprocating engines powers the third installation in Danville, IL. Figure 5 shows pictures of these installations. East Hartford, CT Austin, TX Danville, IL Figure 5. Existing HVAC-derived ORC installation After successful continuous operation since January 2004, the ORC product has been offered for sale in the US in August 2004. UTCPower sells the product under the PureCycleTM200 trademark name, in close cooperation with Carrier Corporation [6]. 5. LOWER TEMPERATURE ORC APPLICATIONS Cost-effective ORC operation requires a minimum temperature difference between evaporator and condenser saturation temperatures of about 50K or 100 0F. If air-cooled condensers are used, as in the PureCycleTM200 system, nominal condenser saturation temperatures of around 35 0C or 100 0F are encountered. As a result evaporator/boiler saturation temperatures from 90 to 120 0C (200 –250 0F) are required for cost-effective ORC operation. Lower saturated condenser temperatures enable power recovery from lower temperature heat sources utilizing ORC technology. These lower temperature applications increase the similarity between existing air-conditioning equipment and ORC hardware. If the operating temperatures of the ORC system approach those of the air-conditioning system the unit was derived from, the original refrigerant used the corresponding centrifugal chiller becomes the preferred working fluid for the organic Rankine cycle at these temperature levels. R-245fa is the working fluid that at the normally higher ORC condenser and evaporator saturation temperatures achieves power- density similarity with a conventional R-134a centrifugal chiller. R-245fa would result in lower power output for the same turbine at reduced evaporator/condenser temperatures due to the lower densities and pressures. To obtain power density similarity at these lower saturation temperatures between compressor and turbine operation the original centrifugal chiller refrigerant R-134a should be used as ORC working fluid. Figure 6 shows side-by-side conventional chiller operation and low temperature ORC operation utilizing the same working fluid.PDF Image | Power Production from a Moderate Temp Geothermal Resource
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