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ing technologies, the costs and subsidies of renewable energy sources, and the barriers. As also opportunities are included, the market potential may in theory be larger than the economic potential, but usually the market potential is lower because of all kind of barri- ers. Theoretical potential Natural and climatic factors Geographical potential Land use land cover limitations Technical potential Technical limitations Economic limitations Demand for energy Economic potential Market potential Competing technologies Figure 1: Categorisation of five types of potentials and their main important factors and limitations. In this study we focus on the technical potential In this study we focus on the technical potential. We define the technical potential as: the total amount of energy (final or primary) that can be produced taking into account the primary re- sources, the socio-geographical constraints and the technical losses in the conversion process. For renewable electricity we also analyse the costs distribution. The presented costs are level- ised costs for the long term using a discount rate of 10%. The costs are expressed in US$/kWh1. The cost of renewable energy is expressed for different cost categories: < 3¢/kWh; < 5 ¢/kWh; < 10 ¢/kWh; < 15 ¢/kWh; < 20 ¢/kWh; and when applicable < 30 ¢/kWh. It was decided to only include the cost distribution for renewable electricity because of the lack of data for renewable heat and renewable fuel. 1 Unless indicated otherwise, dollars for the year 2000 have been used Policies and measures 7 Increased level of complexityPDF Image | REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network
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