PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 010
3 Approach and results 3.1 Hydropower 3.1.1 Technical potential Hydropower is by far the largest renewable energy source currently used. Its current (2002) use is estimated at 2640 TWh/y (WEC, 2004). It is generated by mechanical conversion of the potential energy of water in high elevations. The availability of hydropower depends therefore on local and geographical factors as the availability of water and the height difference for runoff water. Vari- ous studies have indicated the technical potential of hydropower at a regional level. Most of the sources refer to the World Atlas and Industry Guide, (1998), e.g. UNDP/WEC, 2000; WEC, 2001. The total global technical potential is estimated at around 50 EJ/y, (UNDP/WEC, 2000; Bartle, 2002; Johansson, 2004; Bjornsson et al, 1998). Lako et al., 2003 and the recent IPCC Fourth Assessment report, (IPCC, 2007) present much lower numbers at around 25 EJ/y. The re- gional distribution is slightly different but in the same order of magnitude among all studies. The largest difference between the regional distribution of e.g. WEA and Lako et al., 2003 is in OECD Europe where the latter indicates a much lower technical potential, around 1800TWh/y in WEA compared to around 600 TWh/y by the other two sources. To be consistent with the eco- nomic data, we have used data from World Energy Assessment on the technical potential at a re- gional scale. The World Energy Assessment considered this estimate still conservative as the po- tential in many developing countries are weakly assessed. However, according to other sources, it might also be more limited. This indicates the uncertainty in the results. 3.1.2 Electricity Costs The World Energy Assessment also presents the economically accessible potential of hydro- power. This is done by looking in more detail to the local situation and the availability and acces- sibility of hydropower. However, the definition of economic accessible is not given, nor is the re- lated costs. Various sources indicate that the costs for hydropower range between 2 – 8 ¢/kWh for the present situation and will slightly increase over time (NEA/IEA/OECD, 2005, IPCC, 2007). In addition, a detailed cost supply curve for the EU is available (Ragwitz et al., 2003) indicating that the costs in the EU range from 3.6 – 12.4 €c/kWh. For this assessment it was therefore assumed that the currently produced hydropower is produced at the lowest costs, 5 ¢/kWh, that the economic potential is available ate at cost under 10 ¢/kWh and that the total technical potential is available up to costs of 15 ¢/kWh. 10PDF Image | REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network
PDF Search Title:
REN21 Renewable Energy Policy NetworkOriginal File Name Searched:
report_global_potential_of_renewable_energy_sources_a_literature_assessment.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |