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Table 4: The cost estimates of the energy crops for the four scenarios in $/GJ for dif- ferent cost levels A1 A2 B1 B2 <2 <5 <10 <2 <5 <10 <2 <5 <10 <2 44 73 29 68 78 46 9 348 <5 7 9 <10 9 38 25 36 71 51 16 246 Africa and Middle East Asia Oceania Latin America Non-OECD Europe & FSU North America OECDEurope 64 75 76 37 89 92 33 35 35 19 88 88 85 97 102 29 50 53 3 12 12 22 25 26 15 24 25 17 18 18 7 18 18 48 56 56 15 29 31 6 12 13 129 183 188 40 44 59 73 28 29 32 68 75 78 36 45 3 9 272 346 4 36 24 25 8 36 68 70 38 51 7 15 155 243 World 271 446 458 For residues, no global cost supply curve is available. On regional level, cost curves are estimated (e.g., Ragwitz, 2003; Milbrandt, 2005) and also residue costs have been presented (e.g. Siemons, 2004; USDA/USDOE, 2005). When cost ranges for residues were available on a regional scale, these were used. For the remaining regions an estimate was made on the cost range based on variation in transport costs and the type of residues available in these regions, e.g. if the low cost residue bagasse is available. This resulted in cost ranges for residues as presented in Table 5. Table 5: Overview of cost range of biomass residues at a regional level Name of region Cost range $/GJ Low High Africa and Middle East 0.5 3.3 Asia 0.5 3.3 Oceania 0.8 6.4 Latin America 0.6 3.4 Non-OECD Europe and FSU 1.4 8.5 North America 0.6 10.4 OECD Europe 0.9 10.5 3.2.3 Cost of biomass electricity Biomass can be converted to electricity in various ways. Co-firing in coal plants is currently ap- plied at a large scale. Biomass only combustion plants are also available. For the long term it is assumed that gasification in a combined cycle would be the most efficient way for biomass elec- tricity production. This technology is assumed here. The assumptions on the conversion and costs are presented in Table 6. For the energy crop or residue costs of 2 $/GJ these assumptions result in a biomass electricity costs of 5.5 ¢/kWh. 15PDF Image | REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network
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