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area, the size of the wind turbines and the specific investment costs. For the cost distribution, also the data from Hoogwijk 2004 are used for the longer term. The assumptions that have been made are presented in Table 7. The specific investment cost is calculated exogenously in the model based on a scaling factor of 0.3, a wind turbine in 2050 of 3 MW and a reference turbine of 800 kW with a specific investment cost of 1000 $/kW. In addition it is assumed that wind turbines are 80% of the total investment costs. Table 7: Main assumptions for the technical potential and the cost of wind onshore at a regional level. Canada 199 USA 248 Central America 29 South America 82 Northern Africa 55 Western Africa 4 Eastern Africa 38 Southern Africa 3 W estern Europe 47 Eastern Europe 6 Former USSR 206 Middle East 47 South Asia 15 East Asia 25 South East Asia 0 Oceania 199 Japan 1 Global 1204 a This refers to the average installed capacity per total km2 (based on 4 MW/km2 on suitable land areas). To get to the amount of power generated, the power density per grid cell is multiplied by the amount of load hours, which depends on the wind speed in the grid cell. 3.3.3 Results Figure 8 shows the results of the costs and potential for onshore wind at a regional level. It can be seen that North America has a significant potential. Resources at lowest costs can be found in OECD Europe and Latin America. Suitable area (Mha) A verage wind speed (m/s) A verage power den- sity on total area (MW/km2)a Turbine size (MW) Specific tur- bine invest- ment costs ($/kW) O&M costs (% of total investment costs) 4.1 4.3 3.3 3 2.9 1.8 2.6 2.2 4.3 3.1 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.4 2 3.6 3.3 1.08 3 1.02 3 0.4 3 0.26 3 0.42 3 0.01 3 0.28 3 0.03 3 0.58 3 0.22 3 0.47 3 0.33 3 0.12 3 0.1 3 0.01 3 0.91 3 0.08 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 585 3 3 585 3 19PDF Image | REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network
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