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3.7.1 Technical potential The potential of solar energy for heating purposes is virtually endless. The mostly used applica- tion is passive use in the built environment, the use of solar energy for drying agricultural prod- ucts and the use of solar water heating. It is difficult and not relevant to assess the total technical potential, as this is mainly limited by the demand for heat. Because of this, the technical potential is not assessed in the literature. However, in order to provide a reference, in this study we have made a rough assessment on the technical potential of solar water heating by taking the assumed available roof area for solar PV applications from Hoogwijk, 2004 and the irradiation for each of the regions. The total potential for solar water heating has been recalculated from the efficiencies assumed in this study. The efficiency for solar water boilers is assumed to be 60% in 2050. The results are summarised in Chapter 4 3.8 Geothermal 3.8.1 Technical potential Worldwide more than 58 countries are operating in the geothermal sector (Fridleifsson, 2003). Geothermal energy contributed 49 TWh/y for electricity and 51 TWh/y for direct use in 1999. In comparison to most other renewable resources, geothermal energy has the advantage that the source is consistently available without any restriction. Depending on the temperature of each system, the subsequent geothermal energy utilisation can be divided into two main sectors – di- rect use and electricity generation. For direct use, e.g. space heating/ cooling, industrial use or balneology, low temperature resources are sufficient. These can be found in many countries at shallow depths. As a consequence of the easy accessibility many countries benefit from this source (see Table 12). However, most of the direct use is only interesting if the resources are situ- ated close to the application. Long distance transportation is an alternative solution, which can be handled with good isolation material. In contrast to direct use, high temperature sources (above 150 0C) are required for high-output power generation. These sources are less easily available and an efficient use demands thorough geoscientific investigations (multi-method approach) before designing a power plant. Table 12 is in addition to the direct use representing a ranking of the countries involved in electricity genera- tion from geothermal resources. 28PDF Image | REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network
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