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Abstract Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments offers estimates of the U.S. and global markets for trade and investment in services essential to energy production in the solar, wind, small hydropower, and geothermal sectors, as well as discusses trade barriers affecting these services. The services span a range of industries, including consulting, engineering, construction, and equipment maintenance and repair. Global demand for such services has grown rapidly in the past five years as more and more countries strive to meet rising energy needs, reduce carbon output, and strengthen energy security by developing renewable energy. Global capacity in the field more than doubled to 653 gigawatts between 2007 and 2012, while global investment stood at a record $244 billion in 2012, up 71 percent during the period. Europe, the United States, and Asia, particularly China, are consistently among the largest markets for renewable energy services. Trade in renewable energy services occurs chiefly through foreign direct investment, in which a firm sets up a commercial presence abroad. Although the United States is a leading supplier and consumer of renewable energy services, evidence suggests it is likely a net importer, given the large presence of foreign affiliates providing these services in the U.S. market. Nonetheless, U.S. providers export substantial amounts of renewable energy services, primarily to Canada, while Mexico, other Latin American countries, and other large emerging markets present opportunities for U.S. service providers. Local-content requirements are the most significant trade barrier in this field. Although largely applied to renewable energy equipment, these requirements often act as de facto barriers to services exports because many renewable energy equipment manufacturers also provide services in support of their products. Restrictions on investment and on temporarily moving employees into foreign markets also hinder exports of renewable energy services. Some regional and bilateral trade negotiations are now working to liberalize the market by loosening these requirements. iPDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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