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Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments

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Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments ( renewable-energy-and-related-services-recent-developments )

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CONTENTS—Continued Page Chapter 6 Market Effects of Clean Energy Incentive Programs—Continued Tax incentives and public financing .......................................................................................... 6-9 Incentives and return on equity .................................................................................................. 6-11 Incentives and installed wind capacity ...................................................................................... 6-13 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 6-15 Appendices A. Request letter ................................................................................................................................ A-1 B. Federal Register notice ................................................................................................................. B-1 C. Positions of interested parties ....................................................................................................... C-1 Boxes 2.1. Renewable energy is derived from a variety of sources........................................................... 2-3 3.1. Photovoltaic (PV) market segments ......................................................................................... 3-2 3.2. Financing and ownership models for residential and commercial solar .................................. 3-3 4.1. Financing a wind farm ............................................................................................................. 4-6 5.1. Changes to the FERC licensing process................................................................................... 5-8 5.2. Renewable energy from marine and hydrokinetic power ........................................................ 5-10 5.3. Recent developments in large hydropower .............................................................................. 5-13 6.1. Feed-in-tariffs in Spain ............................................................................................................ 6-17 Figures ES.1. Global renewable energy capacity by source, 2007–12 ........................................................... xiv ES.2. U.S. renewable energy capacity by source, 2007–12............................................................... xv ES.3. Global renewable energy investment by sector, 2007–12........................................................ xix ES.4. Global renewable energy investment by country and region, 2007–12 ................................... xx 2.1. Global energy consumption by source, 2011 ........................................................................... 2-4 2.2. Global renewable energy capacity by source, 2007–12 ........................................................... 2-4 2.3. U.S. energy consumption by source, 2012 ............................................................................... 2-6 2.4. U.S. renewable energy capacity by source, 2007–12............................................................... 2-7 2.5. U.S. annual installations of renewable capacity, 2007–12....................................................... 2-8 2.6. Renewable energy projects encompass a broad range of goods and services.......................... 2-13 2.7. Global renewable energy investment by sector, 2007–12........................................................ 2-18 2.8. Global renewable energy investment by country and region, 2007–12 ................................... 2-19 3.1. Annual U.S. PV installations, 2007–12 (left), and installations by state in 2012 (right) ......... 3-5 3.2. U.S. PV market value increased by more than 200 percent from 2009 to 2012 ...................... 3-6 3.3. Services accounted for more than 30 percent of the PV installation market across all segments in 2011 ................................................................................................................. 3-7 3.4. Third-party ownership of residential PV systems in California has rapidly increased, while nonresidential ownership was flat during 2010–12 ............................................................. 3-8 3.5. The price of PV installations has declined more than 40 percent since 2002.......................... 3-9 3.6. Approximate U.S. market share of residential installers, 2012................................................ 3-12 3.7. Approximate U.S. market shares of nonresidential installers, 2012 ........................................ 3-13 vi

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