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FIGURE ES.4 Global renewable energy investment by country and region, 2007–12 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2007 2008 Source: REN-21, Renewables 2013, 2013, 62-63. Barriers to Trade Middle East & Africa Americas (excl. U.S. & Brazil) Brazil India Asia (excl. China & India) United States China Europe Billion $ 2009 2010 2011 2012 U.S. firms cite local-content requirements as the most significant trade barrier in the provision of renewable energy services. The local-content requirements found in many markets typically mandate that a certain share of renewable energy equipment and/or services be locally sourced, often driving up prices and making it cost-prohibitive for foreign providers to enter the market. Even a local-content requirement that applies only to equipment may act as a de facto barrier to services provision, as many wind and solar energy equipment manufacturers provide services in tandem with the sale of their goods. Restrictions on investment and on the movement of service providers also hinder exports of renewable energy services, though the problem is being addressed as part of some regional and bilateral trade negotiations. Barriers to trade in services, including horizontal (non-sector-specific) restrictions on a firm’s ability to set up a commercial presence in a foreign country or temporarily move service providers there, continue to hamper efforts by providers of renewable energy services to penetrate foreign markets. Whereas recent multilateral efforts to address trade barriers in services overall have gained some traction, multilateral efforts to specifically address barriers to trade in renewable energy services have largely stalled. By contrast, regional and bilateral efforts to specifically address barriers affecting renewable energy services have met with more success, and include commitments to address trade in environmental goods and services within the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. xxPDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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