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services trade during 2007–11, highlighting recent trends in investment in renewable energy projects and firms, identifying barriers to U.S. trade and investment in renewable energy services, and examining recent efforts to liberalize trade in leading markets for such services. Finally, the Commission uses econometric analysis to examine the role of clean energy incentive programs in encouraging investment in and creating markets for wind energy goods and services. Scope This report focuses on services that are essential to the development, generation, and distribution of renewable energy. These services include scientific and technical consulting, professional services, construction and engineering services, management consulting and related services, maintenance and repair of equipment, and other services required throughout the life cycle of a renewable energy project. As requested, the principal focus of this report is on wind and solar energy services. However, the USTR also directed the Commission to include discussions of other renewable technologies that the Commission’s research showed to be significant. Based on a number of factors, including growth potential, this report therefore includes discussions of services related to small hydroelectric and geothermal energy.3 Services, including renewable energy services, are traded through two principal channels. The first channel, cross-border trade, entails sending people, information, or money across national borders.4 The second channel, affiliate transactions, entails selling services through affiliated firms set up or acquired by multinational companies in foreign markets. Such affiliates are funded through foreign direct investment. The Commission estimates that the majority of renewable energy services are traded through affiliate transactions.5 Classification of Renewable Energy Services Most countries that have signed the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) use the Services Sectoral Classification List (W/120) drawn up by the World Trade Organization (WTO) to organize and define the scope of specific commitments they have made in their national schedules. However, energy services, including renewable energy services, do not appear separately on this list. As a way to apply the GATS agreement to energy services, as well as other services not separately listed on the W/120, WTO members have devised a “checklist” approach to making GATS commitments. Under this approach, members create a list of services identified in the W/120 that they consider relevant to the sector in question and that they agree to represent the scope of that sector for scheduling purposes.6 In its 2003 GATS offer, the United States proposed such a checklist as a way for GATS members to make commitments in energy services. The services on this checklist are listed in table 1.1. Commitments on energy services apply to 3 Coverage of services related to biomass energy and biofuels are not included in this report. 4 This channel uses three of the four modes of supply defined in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): cross-border supply (mode 1), consumption abroad (mode 2), and movement of natural persons (mode 4). 5 This channel uses the remaining GATS mode of supply—commercial presence (mode 3). 6 The checklist approach makes it easier to schedule commitments without requiring significant changes to the W/120, helps WTO members develop a common agreement about the full range of applicable services, and offers a mechanism for assessing the value of countries’ market access and national treatment offers. 1-2PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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