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TABLE1.2 GeneralobligationsoftheGATS Obligation Nondiscrimination Transparency Domestic regulationa Description Article II provides for most-favored-nation treatment (MFN). Under MFN, WTO members commit that they will treat services and service suppliers of other WTO member countries no less favorably than they treat like services and service suppliers of any other country in the world. Members must adhere to MFN principles except in those areas in which they have listed exemptions. GATS transparency obligations are listed in Article III, which requires members to: • promptly publish relevant measures that will be applied generally; • notify the WTO of significant changes in laws, regulations, or administrative guidelines with significant bearing on services trade; • set up enquiry points that other WTO members can use to submit relevant questions; and • respond promptly to requests for information from other WTO members. GATS domestic regulation obligations, as contained in Article VI, require WTO members to: • avoid using regulatory powers so as to create barriers to trade in services; • ensure that measures that will be applied generally are administered in a reasonable, objective, and impartial way; and • ensure that licensing and qualification requirements or technical standards for sectors in which members have made specific commitments on market access or national treatment, (1) are based on objective and transparent criteria, (2) are not more burdensome than necessary, and (3) in the case of licensing procedures, are not in themselves a restriction on the supply of the service. Monopolies and exclusive suppliersa Source: World Trade Organization, General Agreement on Trade in Services. Article VIII of the GATS states that WTO members should ensure that if a monopoly supplier competes in supplying a service outside the scope of its monopoly rights, it does not abuse its monopoly position in a way that limits market access or national treatment. aNote: Articles VI and VIII apply only to industries for which countries have made specific commitments. In collecting information for this report, the Commission conducted primary research and consulted a wide range of secondary sources to collect both qualitative and quantitative information. Analysts conducted in-person and telephone interviews with representatives of renewable energy service providers, domestic and foreign governments, industry and trade associations, educational institutions, nongovernmental groups, and international organizations. Commission staff undertook fieldwork in several U.S. cities, as well as in Brazil, Chile, China, France, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, and Spain. Interviews were conducted with large multinational firms as well as small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondary information sources included industry journals and websites, U.S. and foreign government publications, and publications by international organizations such as the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the WTO. Data on renewable energy capacity and generation were incorporated from a number of sources, including Bloomberg New Energy Finance, the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy. Since data on trade in renewable energy services are not generally collected by governments or available from industry, the discussion of such trade is largely anecdotal, giving estimates of trade activity where possible. 1-4PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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