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BOX 2.1 Renewable energy is derived from a variety of sources Renewable energy is derived from a variety of sources, and is used to produce electricity, heat, and fuels. Renewable energy principally includes bioenergy, geothermal energy, hydropower, ocean energy, solar energy, and wind energy.a Bioenergy is renewable energy derived from biological sources (i.e., biomass) to be used for heat, electricity, or transport fuel.b Traditional biomass includes primarily wood used for heating. Heat produced from the combustion of other forms of biomass in a boiler can be used to generate electricity through a steam turbine. Through various processes, biomass can also be transformed into biogases that are used to produce electricity as well. Electricity produced from bioenergy accounted for about 1.2 percent of global electricity production in 2009. Biofuels (e.g., ethanol) derived from biomass feedstocks like sugarcane, corn, or wheat accounted for about 2 percent of all transport fuels in 2009. Geothermal energy is derived from heat from the earth either to be used directly as heat or to generate electricity. Geothermal sources include hot water or steam reservoirs deep in the earth, which are accessed by drilling; geothermal reservoirs; and shallower ground closer to the earth’s surface.c In 2009, the United States accounted for almost 30 percent of global geothermal power capacity, and for about 15 percent of global electricity generated from geothermal sources. Iceland, El Salvador, Kenya, the Philippines, and Costa Rica supply a significant share of their total electricity demand from geothermal sources. Hydropower is derived from the energy of flowing water. Turbines placed along flowing rivers or at dams convert the water’s kinetic energy (energy based on motion) to mechanical, then electrical, energy. Hydropower accounted for about 16 percent of global electricity production in 2009. The largest global producers of hydropower include China, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and Russia. Ocean energy is derived primarily from the potential and kinetic energy of tides, currents, and waves. Tidal and wave power have been in development since the 1970s, although technologies to harness ocean energy are still not widely deployed. In 2011, the 254 megawatt (MW) Silhwa Lake tidal power plant in the Republic of Korea (Korea) overtook the Rance tidal plant in France to become the world’s largest tidal power station. Together, these two tidal power plants account for nearly all global tidal energy capacity (527 MW).d Solar energy is derived from sunlight that is converted into heat and electricity. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems convert solar energy into electricity. Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight and create temperatures to drive turbines or engines to produce electricity. Solar heating technologies collect solar energy to produce heat.e Wind energy is derived from the energy of air flow. Wind turbines convert the wind’s kinetic energy passing through a rotating turbine’s blades into electricity. Offshore wind turbines are located in coastal regions, where wind resources are often better than those onshore. Offshore projects face more challenges than their onshore counterparts, mainly due to infrastructure challenges, weather, distance from users, and water depth, among others. _____________ a This section is based mainly on IEA, Renewable Energy: Markets and Prospects by Technology, 2011, various pages. b USDA, ERS website, http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/bioenergy.aspx (accessed January 30, 2013). c NREL, “Geothermal Energy Basics,” http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_geothermal.html (accessed January 30, 2013). d REN-21, Renewables 2012, 2012, 46. e SEIA, “Solar Heating & Cooling” (accessed January 30, 2013). 2-3PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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