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have driven down the prices paid by project developers for many renewable technologies, such as wind turbines and solar panels.41 Lower prices for these technologies, in turn, have led to growth in project development services and renewable energy installations. The growth and age of the installed capacity of renewable technologies are primary drivers of demand for back-end renewable energy services, particularly operation and maintenance (O&M) services. For instance, wind turbines are typically covered under a warranty provided by the turbine’s manufacturer, during which time maintenance and repair services are included under the terms of the contract. As warranty periods expire and turbines age, demand for out-of-warranty O&M services typically increases. Indeed, O&M can account for up to 35 percent of the annual cost of power generation at the end of a wind turbine’s life, reflecting greater maintenance and upkeep, compared with 10 percent for a new turbine.42 Improvements or advances in renewable technologies may weaken demand for certain O&M services. For instance, wind turbines incorporating newer direct-drive turbine technologies do not require gearboxes to generate electricity, and therefore eliminate the need for gearbox maintenance, a type of O&M service.43 In addition, because direct-drive technologies use fewer parts, there are relatively lower maintenance requirements overall.44 In another example, wind-farm operators that monitor wind farm conditions remotely can improve the ordering of spare parts, work scheduling, and planning activities, thereby reducing the frequency and improving the efficiency of onsite maintenance.45 Finally, technologies that measure and control the tension in the bolted joints of turbines can prevent joint failures that arise from insufficient bolt tension in turbine installations, and can reduce associated maintenance costs by up to 50 percent.46 Despite these trends, the substantial increase in global installed wind capacity continues to drive growth in the O&M market. Supply Factors affecting the supply of renewable energy services include the availability and technical expertise of skilled workers, access to infrastructure, geography, and weather conditions. For instance, the rapid growth in renewable energy installations, particularly in wind energy, has reportedly outpaced the supply of skilled workers who perform certain renewable energy services, such as EPC or O&M services. 47 In addition, qualified technicians are needed to service various technologies, including hydraulics, mechanics, and information technology, often in challenging environments. The lack of qualified technicians to undertake O&M services in wind parks has been cited as one of the biggest challenges facing wind energy service providers globally.48 O&M service providers, including OEMs, ISPs, and wind-farm operators, reportedly intend to triple their 41 McBee, “Solar Panel Installation in the U.S.,” 2012, 9; REN-21, Renewables 2012, 2012, 59. 42 Deloitte, “European Wind Services Study,” 2012, 4; Broad, “Post-Warranty Wind O&M Costs Proven to Increase by 25%,” January 18, 2013. 43 A gearbox increases the rotational speed of a shaft that connects the wind turbine’s rotor and blades to a generator. A low-speed shaft feeds into the gearbox, and a high-speed shaft feeds from the gearbox into the generator. Gearboxes are a main cause of breakdowns and require regular repairs. Bartholl and Oleownik, “Wind Services: New Growth Opportunities,” 2012, 8; David, “Wind Turbines,” 2009, 2. 44 Bartholl and Oleownik, “Wind Services: New Growth Opportunities,” 2012, 8. 45 Deloitte, “European Wind Services Study,” 2012, 12. 46 Ibid. 47 A dearth of qualified crane technicians in Brazil reportedly hinders the ability of project developers to erect wind towers. Industry representative, interview with USITC staff, São Paulo, Brazil, May 8, 2013. 48 Deloitte, “European Wind Services Study,” 2012, 16. 2-14PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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