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FIGURE 2.8 Global renewable energy investment by country and region, 2007–12 300 250 Middle East & Africa Americas (excl. U.S. & Brazil) 200 150 100 50 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: REN-21, Renewables 2013, 2013, 62-63. U.S. Investment Brazil India Asia (excl. China & India) United States China Europe Billion $ Although the United States lagged behind China, U.S. domestic investment in renewable energy grew by almost 60 percent between 2007 and 2011 to $54.8 billion; investment, however, fell by almost 35 percent between 2011 and 2012 to $36 billion. The growth in U.S. investment in 2011 alone was driven, in part, by the looming expiration of federal renewable energy incentive programs. For instance, the federal loan guarantee program, which covered $16.1 billion in project debt, expired in September 2011. Renewable energy developers sought to finance projects in time to take advantage of these programs before their expiration in 2011.67 Uncertainty surrounding the future of the incentive programs dampened renewable energy investment in 2012. Global and U.S. Trade in Renewable Energy Services Renewable energy services are typically supplied by establishing a commercial presence and by temporarily moving service providers into a client’s territory. In addition, improvements in information and communications technologies (ICTs) have made the provision of some renewable energy services, such as remote monitoring, possible through cross-border supply.68 Other examples in which ICTs have boosted the cross- border supply of renewable energy services include the transmission of architectural and engineering specifications, design plans, environmental assessments, and computer modeling simulations.69 67 Ibid., 13. 68 See also Monkelbaan, “Sustainable Energy Services in a SETA,” 2013, 29. 69 Kim, “Facilitating Trade in Services,” 2011, 19. 2011 2012 2-19PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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