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To some degree, the supply of certain renewable energy services broadly mirrors the movement of certain renewable energy technologies, as the services and technologies often complement each other.70 Often, manufacturers that produce and export renewable energy technologies, such as wind turbines, also provide associated services in the market to which the product was exported. Some manufacturers of wind turbines may provide both front-end and back-end services, including financing of turbine sales; project development and installation services; and training, monitoring, and repair services. For instance, in 2013 Vestas, a U.S. producer of wind turbines, received an order to produce and export over 150 wind turbines for the 299 MW Blackspring Ridge Wind Project in Alberta, Canada. The firm will also provide maintenance services on the turbines as part of a 20-year service and maintenance agreement included in the order.71 Other manufacturers of renewable energy technologies may provide design, construction, and installation services as part of their overall product offering.72 One source surveyed the top firms that design and build wind and solar energy projects. According to this source, global exports of design and construction services in the wind sector totaled $829 million in 2012, while global exports of design and construction services in the solar sector totaled $1.2 billion.73 Although data on global exports of different renewable energy technologies are largely unavailable due to issues with the way exports are classified,74 exports of certain renewable energy equipment like wind-powered generating sets have grown in recent years.75 These exports are likely representative of broader trade trends, reflecting the potential growth in trade in wind energy services. Between 2007 and 2012, global exports of wind-powered generating sets increased by 72 percent to $6.8 billion.76 Germany, Denmark, and Spain collectively accounted for over 75 percent of these exports in 2012 (the United States accounted for 6 percent). The largest global exporters of renewable energy technologies are also likely to be the largest suppliers of renewable energy services. Indeed, Germany, Denmark, and Spain have well-developed and sophisticated providers of wind energy services, as noted in chapter 4. Likewise, the largest global importers of renewable energy technologies are also likely to be the largest consumers of renewable energy services. For instance, the United States is the largest importer of wind- powered generating sets, reflecting the growth in U.S. installed wind capacity and wind services supplied by domestic and foreign firms alike. Trade in renewable energy services also depends on the extent to which countries where renewable energy projects are located have firms with the capacity to provide all the necessary goods and services.77 A number of countries, particularly developing countries, 70 Monkelbaan, “Sustainable Energy Services in a SETA,” 2013, 12. Services affiliated with renewable energy technologies that are produced in one country and exported to another do not necessarily imply that those services are exported from that country to another. 71 Pankratz, “Vestas’ Colorado Factories to Build Components,” April 9, 2013. Vestas is a wholly owned U.S. subsidiary of Denmark-based Vestas Wind Systems. Services supplied by its U.S. subsidiary to the project located in Alberta, Canada, are considered a services export from Denmark to Canada. 72 Monkelbaan, “Sustainable Energy Services in a SETA,” 2013, 22. 73 Tulacz, The Global Sourcebook, 2012, 18. 74 Most renewable energy technologies are classified in basket categories that contain other products within the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) at the 6-digit level. 75 GTIS, Global Trade Atlas database for HS 8502.31 (accessed April 16, 2013). Wind-powered generating sets include the wind turbine, nacelle (which houses the components of the wind turbine, such as the controller, gearbox, and generator), and when imported with the nacelle, other components such as blades. 76 GTIS, Global Trade Atlas database for HS 8502.31 (accessed April 16, 2013). Includes intra-EU trade. 77 Steenblick and Geloso Grosso, “Trade in Services Related to Climate Change,” 2011, 37; Monkelbaan, “Sustainable Energy Services in a SETA,” 2013, 12. 2-20PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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