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CHAPTER 3 Solar PV Industry Introduction U.S. and global solar photovoltaic (PV) installations rapidly increased during 2007–12, resulting in a significant rise in demand for associated PV services.1 In 2011, the value of the U.S. services market associated with new PV installations totaled approximately $3.1 billion, and the value of the global market was about $34 billion. The United States has several thousand firms currently providing PV services, ranging from small firms installing a few residential PV systems per year to large construction firms and project developers. The majority of the firms currently providing services in the U.S. market are U.S.-based companies, and imports accounted for less than one-third of combined installation and project development services in 2012. U.S. firms are also actively exporting services globally, with the level of exports expected to rise as firms increase their presence in foreign markets, the U.S. industry matures, and markets such as Canada, Latin America, and South Africa expand. However, U.S. exports through the end of 2012 accounted for only a small share of the global market. Overview of PV Services Segments PV is currently the most widely deployed solar technology, both in the United States and globally. PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity for on-site use or for distribution through the electric grid. The main components of PV systems are modules (also commonly referred to as panels), which are composed of cells that use crystalline silicon (c-Si) or another photosensitive material, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), to convert sunlight into electricity.2 PV modules can be either ground-mounted or rooftop- mounted and are connected to an inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) generated by the system to alternating current (AC).3 Most PV systems are connected to the grid and are installed in one of three market segments—residential, nonresidential, and utility (box 3.1). 1 This chapter covers PV technologies, which convert sunlight directly to electricity and account for the largest share of the market among solar technologies. Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies, which use sunlight to heat a fluid to generate electricity in large power plants, and other solar technologies, such as solar water heating, will not be covered. 2 Crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules account for the majority of the global market and have been in production for the longest period of time. Thin-film technologies use a thin layer of a photosensitive material such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (a-Si), and copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS). One of the largest U.S. services firms, First Solar, produces and installs CdTe modules exclusively. 3 All references to system sizes in this chapter, whether in watts (W), kilowatts (kW), megawatts (MW), or gigawatts (GW), are in direct current (DC) unless specifically noted as an alternating current (AC) system. Equipment other than the PV modules—specifically, inverters and other equipment such as the racking and wiring—is referred to as the balance of system (BOS). 3-1PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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