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BOX 3.2 Financing and ownership models for residential and commercial solar Residential and commercial customers generally have several options when installing a PV system onsite, including (1) buying the system, (2) leasing the system, and (3) signing a power purchase agreement (PPA). The firms that offer leases and PPAs are generally referred to as third-party owners or third-party financiers. Leasing: In this model, a company installs a PV system at a residential or commercial site and leases the system to the customer, who uses the electricity generated by the system. PPA: In a PPA model, a company installs the PV system at a residential or commercial site and owns, operates, and maintains the system. The residential or commercial customer agrees to purchase the electricity generated by the system from the company over a long-term time frame. For customers that want to buy their own PV systems, some communities offer property-assessed clean energy (PACE) programs. In these programs, a local government raises money by issuing a bond, or through other means. Property owners install a PV system using this money, paying it back over time through an additional amount on their property tax or utility bill. Customers may also use more traditional financing methods, such as bank loans, to pay for their systems. Sources: SolarCity, “Form S-1,” October 5, 2012, 47, 99; North Carolina Solar Center, DSIRE website, http://www.dsireusa.org/solar/solarpolicyguide/?id=26 (accessed March 4, 2013); SEIA website, http://www.seia.org/policy/finance-tax/third-party-financing (accessed March 4, 2013). may provide all of the services associated with the installation directly, or they may contract out certain services to other firms that specialize in one or more of these services. Only a few third-party owners are also installers, and even those that do install may only do so in certain market segments; most third-party owners subcontract with installers to build the system. The residential and nonresidential markets include a broad range of installation sizes, from a few kilowatts (kW) to a megawatt (MW) or more. The extent and complexity of services provided, therefore, varies by installation size and individual site factors. For example, for a residential installation, site assessment may involve visiting the house or viewing it online, determining the system size by entering data into an online solar calculator, and designing a system to fit on the roof. For large nonresidential installations, on the other hand, higher-level engineering services may be required to design an optimized system. Similarly, a residential rooftop installation typically involves a small crew that installs the system in one or two days, and an electrician to connect the system to the grid and possibly supervise the installation. A large nonresidential installation may involve grading the site, fencing it, and installing a large number of pylons in the ground, as well as installing centralized inverters and a transformer, all of which may involve much more equipment and possibly a wide range of subcontractors. O&M services also vary considerably by project type. For a residential installation, services typically include monitoring the system and responding to component failures, whereas nonresidential O&M services may include more preventative maintenance. Utility-scale Services The development, construction, and operation of a utility project involves a number of steps. These may vary depending on factors such as whether the project is ground- mounted or roof-mounted, or whether it is on private land or public land (the latter choice may extend the project development process). However, three main services involved are project development; engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC); and O&M. 3-3PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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