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FIGURE 3.3 Services accounted for more than 30 percent of the PV installation market across all segments in 2011 3 2 1 Goods 1.8 Utility Utility: Services accounted for an estimated $0.8 billion of the $2.5 billion utility market in 2011.16 In addition to the services associated with new installations, there is a market for ongoing O&M for all installed systems. The value of the O&M market in the United States, for all market segments combined, was likely around $0.1 billion in 2011.17 While this is small compared to the value of services associated with new installations, the growing size of 16 The value of the services share of the utility market was estimated by calculating the goods and services value of installations using an average cost per MW and subtracting the estimated value of equipment associated with these installations. The value of the modules associated with these installations was calculated using Energy Information Administration (EIA) shipment and price data for the utility sector of the market, and the inverter and balance of system equipment costs were calculated using an average cost per watt. GTM Research and SEIA, U.S. Solar Market Insight Report: 2011 Year-in-Review, 2012, 9–11; EIA, Solar Photovoltaic, September 2012, 7, 16; GTM Research, “PV BOS Cost Analysis,” July 25, 2011. 17 O&M costs are difficult to estimate due to a lack of available data, variability in O&M costs and pricing depending on the company and system characteristics, changing costs as the system ages, and differences as to whether customers perform O&M in-house or contract it out. In addition, any estimate of the market value is more theoretical than actual, given that a large number of problems at a single project could significantly change the value of the market in a given year. This estimate is based on a compilation of the estimated O&M costs in each market segment for cumulative installed capacity at the end of 2011. Since some of these systems were installed during 2011 and not operational for the full year, the O&M value could be lower. For residential systems, O&M costs were estimated at 2.5 cents per installed watt based on NREL data reported by Cameron and Goodrich (though this excludes inverter repair, which could increase costs). In the residential market, there may essentially be no O&M costs for many years, as installed systems generally do not require O&M unless there is a problem. Some companies do sell additional O&M contracts, but the focus of this estimate is on actual expenditures and not the contracted value. For the nonresidential segment of the market, O&M costs were estimated at 2.1 cents per installed watt, based on a small sample of nonresidential systems for which O&M contracts were available. The prices used here for distributed installations are within the range of 0.6 to 2.7 cents per watt reported by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). In the utility sector, EPRI reports O&M costs from 4.7 to 6 cents per watt per year, depending on the type of system. Actual project O&M costs were identified up to almost 11 cents per installed watt, though some newly installed systems were also significantly lower than the range estimated by EPRI. This paper uses 5 cents per installed watt. Real Goods Solar, “Form 10-K,” March 15, 2012, 16; SolarCity, “Form S-1,” October 5, 2012, 105; EPRI, “Addressing Solar Photovoltaic,” July 2012, 8; Cameron and Goodrich, “The Levelized Cost of Energy,” n.d. (accessed March 5, 2013), 2; industry representative, interview by USITC staff, January 14, 2013; individual project level cost data. Services 2.6 Market value (billion $) 0 Sources: See text and footnotes 14–16. Nonresidential 0.9 1.0 1.5 0.8 Residential Notes: See text and footnotes 14–16. 3-7PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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