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financing options.51 In the first quarter of 2012, for example, six firms accounted for at least 90 percent of third-party-owned residential systems installed in California (figure 3.8).52 Similarly, in Maryland four companies accounted for all third-party-owned residential systems in 2012.53 According to Greentech Media, the firms that have raised the most money nationally to finance residential third-party-owned systems include SolarCity, SunRun, SunPower, Clean Power Finance, and Sungevity.54 FIGURE 3.8 Residential third-party ownership industry was fairly concentrated in California (left) in the first quarter of 2012 and in Maryland in full year 2012 (right) Not available, 10% American Solar Direct, 5% Sungevity, 8% Clean Power Finance, 10% SunPower, 10% Astrum Solar 17% Sungevity 23% SunRun 4% SunRun, 37% SolarCity, 20% SolarCity 56% Total = 2.9MW Sources: Wesoff, "Borrego Joins," July 31, 2012; Maryland Residential Clean Energy Grant Program, Historic Award Data Report Excel worksheet (accessed January 17, 2013). Note: Total for California was not published by Greentech Media. Utility-scale Services The utility PV project development industry is composed of (1) firms whose primary business is project development (e.g., Strata Solar);55 (2) firms that are engaged in both producing equipment (e.g., modules) and developing projects (e.g., First Solar, SunPower, and SunEdison);56 (3) unregulated entities related to major utility companies 51 This discussion will focus on the residential sector, for which data for multiple states are available. Wesoff, “Borrego Joins,” July 31, 2012; Greentech Media, “US Residential Solar Financing,” February 11, 2013; industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, February 25, 2013; Bosworth, “Split Ends,” April 2012, 57–58; Ross, “Expanding Residential Solar Markets,” October 20, 2011. 52 Wesoff, “Borrego Joins,” July 31, 2012. 53 Maryland Residential Clean Energy Grant Program, Historic Award Data Report Excel worksheet (accessed January 17, 2013). 54 Greentech Media, “US Residential Solar Financing,” February 11, 2013. 55 These firms may also develop projects for other energy sectors and/or install residential and commercial PV systems. 56 Both crystalline silicon and thin-film manufacturers have vertically integrated into project development, primarily by acquiring project development companies. Through these acquisitions, solar manufacturers gained access to preexisting project pipelines and sought to improve their access to large-scale projects over the long term. In addition, entry into project development gave manufacturers a more reliable market in the event of a downturn in demand and let them minimize costs and optimize systems using the company’s modules. As discussed in this paragraph, their perception of the relationship between project development and production has changed over time. Industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, December 11, 2009; industry representatives, interviews by USITC staff, October 15, 2009, and May 30, 2013; First Solar, “Form 10-K,” February 28, 2011, 1–2; Mehta and Krulewitz, “The Direction of the Vertically Integrated,” March 2011, 10–11; Lacey, “SunPower to Acquire PowerLight,” November 15, 2006. 3-14PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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