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goods and services, at $20.3 billion in 2007, implying a services market of less than $10 billion based on the value of the module and inverter markets at that time.76 Factors Affecting Global Supply and Demand for PV Services The primary factors affecting global demand for renewable energy services are price and government policies. Price: The price of PV installations is declining, thereby increasing the cost competitiveness of PV systems in both developed and developing countries. Prices in Germany, for example, declined 66 percent from the second quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2012.77 Market growth policies: Government policies aimed at directly reducing the price of PV electricity, or mandating its use or purchase, have had a significant impact on the global PV market. Feed-in tariffs (FITs), which guarantee the purchase of renewable energy at a set price for a period of time, are widely used in Europe and, more recently, in countries such as China and Japan. Many countries now require that a certain percentage of electricity generation come from renewables, and some countries have tender processes to procure solar or other forms of renewable energy. However, sudden shifts in FIT levels, often in response to a surge in installations, have also led to significant contractions in demand in key markets.78 Market-enabling policies: The implementation of policies that make PV installations practical, such as net metering, also drive market growth. Fourteen countries have national net metering policies, while other countries have such policies at the subnational level.79 Other: Market drivers also include factors such as rising electricity demand, particularly in developing countries.80 Global Industry Trends The global large-scale81 project development, EPC, and O&M industries are highly fragmented and tend to be dominated by firms from the three largest markets, Europe, China, and the United States: 76 Pernick, Wilder, and Winnie, Clean Energy Trends 2012, March 2012, 3–4; Mints, “U.S. Supply/Demand,” December 12, 2012, 16; SMA website, http://www.sma.de/en/investor-relations.html (accessed February–June 2013). 77 BSW-Solar, “Statistic Data,” February 2013; industry representatives, interviews by USITC staff, Santiago, Chile, May 13, 2013 and May 15, 2013. 78 REN21, Renewables 2012, 2012, 66, 70–72; First Solar, “Form 10-K,” February 27, 2013, 8–10; industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Tokyo, May 10, 2013; MEMC, “Form 10-K,” March 1, 2013, 14; SunPower, “Form 10-K,” February 25, 2013, 14. 79 See box 3.1 for a discussion of net metering. REN21, Renewables 2012, 2012, 66, 70–72; First Solar, “Form 10-K,” February 27, 2013, 9; MEMC, “Form 10-K,” March 1, 2013, 14; SunPower, “Form 10-K,” February 25, 2013, 14. 80 Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Santiago, Chile, May 13, 2013. 81 Data sources for the leading firms do not separate large nonresidential projects from utility projects; therefore, this section groups these sectors together as large projects. 3-19PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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