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Trade and Investment Imports and Exports In the United States, residential systems tend to be installed primarily by domestic firms, so U.S. imports of residential installation services are relatively limited.86 Firms performing U.S. residential installations, including most firms that installed at least 2MW in 2012, are generally based in the United States.87 The majority of U.S. nonresidential systems were also installed by U.S.-based companies, but there is substantial participation in this sector by foreign firms, and imports accounted for more than 10 percent of nonresidential installations in 2012. The leading nonresidential installer in the United States is SunPower, a subsidiary of France-based Total. A number of other foreign firms installed nonresidential systems in the United States in 2012, including Germany-based Conergy and Gehrlicher, and Portugal-based Martifer.88 Third-party ownership of U.S. residential projects was primarily by domestic firms.89 In California, in the first quarter of 2012, for example, the only known imports were the 10percent of the market accounted for by SunPower.90 In Maryland, all third-party financing was provided by U.S.-based firms.91 SunPower is likely one of the top providers of residential third-party financing nationally, and there are other non-U.S.- based firms in this sector, but there are no data indicating that any non-U.S. firm other than SunPower accounts for a significant share of the market.92 In the nonresidential sector, comprehensive data on third-party financing are not available, though there are at least some imports from SunPower and other firms.93 Utility-scale projects in the United States have the most foreign participation among the three sectors, but the majority of services in this sector are also provided by U.S. firms. U.S. firms developed more than 65 percent of the PV projects completed in 2012, and were the EPC supplier/contractor for almost 80 percent of the projects completed—with EPC responsibilities for another 9 percent split between a foreign and domestic firm. U.S.-based firms were also contracted to provide O&M services for more than 60 percent of the projects completed. Another 13 percent of O&M services were split between a foreign and a domestic firm, but were expected to be solely provided by the U.S. firm by the third year of plant operation.94 86 Official data on PV services trade are not available; therefore, this section will use installation data to measure U.S. services trade. 87 Based on data compiled by USITC. 88 SunPower is publicly traded on NASDAQ and is based in the United States, but since France-based Total acquired 66 percent of its shares in 2011 and 2012, it is considered a non-U.S. firm for the purposes of this report, and the services that it provided in the United States are classified as imports. Data compiled by USITC; SunPower Corp., “Form 10-K,” February 25, 2013, 4. 89 This is based on the company that provided the financing. It does not look at the companies investing in the funding sources for these companies. 90 Wesoff, “Borrego Joins,” July 31, 2012. 91 Maryland Residential Clean Energy Grant Program, Historic Award Data Report Excel worksheet (accessed January 17, 2013); industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, February 25, 2013. 92 Greentech Media, “US Residential Solar Financing,” February 11, 2013; industry representative, interview by USITC staff, February 25, 2012; Conergy website, http://www.conergy.us/Portaldata/1/Resources/usa/pdf- downloads/Solar_Energy_Commercial_Project_Services_Brochure.pdf (accessed March 8, 2013). 93 CSI working dataset, January 2, 2013 (accessed January 9, 2013); data compiled by USITC. 94 Based on data compiled by USITC. 3-21PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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