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modules. As a result, Korea is considering developing a standard for CIGS modules, though a Korean government representative indicated in 2012 that this would likely take two years. However, the Korean assessment found environmental concerns with the cadmium used in CdTe modules and is not planning to develop a standard for CdTe— though industry representatives and the U.S. Trade Representative’s 2013 Report on Technical Barriers to Trade state that there were methodological issues with the Korean environmental assessment. Certification rules in Korea thus effectively prevent U.S. firms that make CdTe from selling equipment, and therefore services, in much of the Korean market.132 Until certification standards are developed, the same is true of firms that make CIGS modules. The lack of harmonization of PV standards globally can also negatively affect trade in PV modules, with testing and certification requirements for entering new markets resulting in significant costs for manufacturers.133 In addition, while in some countries certification by international testing bodies may be allowed, testing by organizations within the country may aid product acceptance in the local market.134 Country and Regional Profiles This section profiles the largest market in 2012 (Germany), the largest non-European markets excluding the United States (China and Japan), and the emerging Canadian and Latin American markets (figure 3.11). These markets exhibit a variety of different characteristics, as will be discussed below. For example, Germany is a large, established market where demand has been flat the last few years, and there is extensive services competition in the domestic market. Latin American markets are small, but have significant growth potential and provide substantial export opportunities for U.S. firms. Government policies contribute to demand growth in many of the markets, but in parts of Latin America PV is becoming price competitive even in the absence of policy support. Canada Canada has a growing PV market, with annual installations increasing from 5 MW in 2007 to 268 MW in 2012. Utility installations accounted for 62 percent of newly installed capacity in 2011. Canadian system installation businesses generated $656 million in domestic revenue in 2011, and employment in the Canadian PV services sector (including distribution, installation, utilities, and government, other than research and development) was 2,210 employees. Demand in Ontario, the province that accounts for the majority of Canadian installations, is primarily driven by policies within the province.135 In 2006, Ontario started the Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program 132 USTR, 2013 Report on Technical Barriers to Trade, April 2013, 46–47; industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, May 30, 2013; WTO, Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, “Minutes of the Meeting Held on March 24–25, 2011,” May 26, 2011, 48–49; WTO, Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, “Minutes of the Meeting Held on June 13–15, 2012,” September 18, 2012, 26– 27. 133 NREL, “Technical Study,” July 2012; Matz, “Ten Things Consumers,” February 2012, 70–71; Steenblik, Matsuoka, and Hight, “Facilitating Trade,” 2009, 21–22. 134 Steenblik, Matsuoka, and Hight, “Facilitating Trade,” 2009, 21–22; industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Tokyo, May 14, 2013. 135 Poissant et al., “National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Canada 2011,” June 2012, 7–8, 15–16; IEA PVPS, PVPS Report: A Snapshot of Global PV 1992–2012, 2013, 11. 3-26PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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