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countries for which specific O&M data are available,91 the largest estimated O&M markets were found in developed countries, particularly Germany ($1.8 billion), the United States ($1.4 billion), and Spain ($1.1 billion). Despite the rapid growth in new wind installations in China and the fact that it has by far the most cumulative installed capacity globally, China’s O&M market remains comparatively small at an estimated $917 million in 2011.92 Factors Affecting Global Supply and Demand for Wind Energy Services Two distinct factors are reportedly driving demand for wind energy in the global market: the growing need for power, and the growing desire for environmentally friendly alternative power sources. Particularly in regions such as Latin America, where many countries face rising power demand and rely on expensive fossil fuels for energy, wind is a very competitive source of energy.93 In developing or emerging wind markets, such as in many countries in Latin America, there is typically strong demand for turnkey projects, as there is little or no domestic industry and markets lack the experience and skilled labor to support such projects. For example, in the Chilean market there is virtually no domestic industry, and the majority of services are provided by foreign firms.94 As markets mature and service providers and customers gain experience, the demand for turnkey projects usually tapers off; however, foreign service providers often find new opportunities. For example, in Japan, wind service firms (both foreign and domestic) offer wind sector management services, which include diagnostic tests and reinstallation of existing wind projects to improve efficiency.95 Changes to government policies that support the development of renewable energy have had a direct effect on new installations and related demand for wind services, as illustrated by the recent slowdown in growth of new wind projects in many Western markets. For example, the size and steady growth of the European wind energy market is frequently attributed to long-term policies, such as feed-in tariffs (FITs)96 or the European 91 Data on O&M costs in 2011 are available for Austria, China, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the United States. In the absence of a country-specific average capacity factor, the world average was used for Austria, China, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden. 92 Global average capacity factor was used to calculate the value of China’s O&M market. USITC calculations using data from IRENA, Cost Analysis of Wind Power, June 2012; GWEC, Global Wind 2011 Report, 2012; and Wind Power Monthly, “Service Market Grows as Installations Fall,” July 2012. 93 Electricity generation using fossil fuels increased in many countries in Latin America during 2007– 11, including in countries like Brazil and Venezuela that traditionally relied on hydroelectric power to meet much of their energy demand. Further, many countries in the region use oil for electricity generation, and changes in oil prices, therefore, can have a significant impact on the cost of electricity generation. Industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, January 18, 2013; industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Beijing, May 16, 2013; industry representative, interview by USITC staff, São Paulo, Brazil, May 8, 2013; EIA, International Energy Statistics database (accessed August 19, 2013); Yepez-García, Johnson, and Andrés, Meeting the Electricity Supply/Demand, September 2010, 12. 94 Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Santiago, Chile, May 14, 2013. 95 Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Beijing, May 16, 2013. 96 FITs guarantee a certain rate per kilowatt-hour for wind-generated energy. In 2011, China, Germany, India, Spain, and the UK all had FIT programs. Ontario Power Authority, “General Information about the FIT and microFIT Programs” (accessed January 31, 2013); IEA, IEA Wind 2011 Annual Report, July 2012, 10; GWEC, India Wind Energy Outlook 2012, November 2012, 11. 4-18PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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