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Wind Initiative,97 which supported development of the wind industry.98 However, in the wake of the economic downturn and budgetary concerns of the past several years, many European governments have reevaluated their renewable-energy legislation. For instance, both Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) are seeking to cut government expenses by reducing incentives; Italy has reduced subsidies and introduced an additional tax on renewable companies; and in 2012, Spain suspended subsidies for new renewable energy projects.99 It is expected that these policy changes will result in slower growth in new installations. Global Industry Trends As in the United States, utility companies globally are increasingly involved in project development and ownership, albeit on a smaller scale than industry leaders. This is particularly the case in China, where over half of the country’s total wind capacity was owned by the five largest state-owned power generation corporations in 2011.100 Utilities’ increased presence is driven by growing pressure and incentives to increase the share of renewable sources in their portfolios.101 This trend is seen in the largest markets around the world as utilities increasingly build, own, and operate large wind farms in China, Germany, Spain, the UK, and the United States.102 Overall, the global wind energy services market is fragmented along national borders. Typically, only the largest service providers have multinational operations.103 Although most OEMs sell turbines worldwide, most do not provide services in markets where they do not have a commercial presence. Instead, in those markets they hire local firms to develop and install wind farms, as well as for O&M services.104 Similarly, leading project developers are also multinational companies and although they typically solicit bids through an objective procurement process, they most frequently hire local service firms for new projects.105 This is largely attributed to the regulatory or standards-based nature of many services, such as engineering and construction occupations, which may require local licensing or certification.106 The exception to this is certain technology-based services such as data collection and analysis or remote monitoring, which are not site specific and may be easily provided across borders.107 As a result, there are a number of multinational site assessment firms, the largest being GL Garrad Hassan (part of the Germany-based GL Group).108 97 Launched in June 2010, the European Wind Initiative is a plan to support development of the wind power industry and the integration of growing amounts of wind electricity into the grid. One of its stated goals is for wind energy to supply 20 percent of EU electricity consumption by 2020. IEA, IEA Wind 2011 Annual Report, July 2012, 96. 98 Industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, January 30, 2013. 99 BTM Consult, International Wind Energy Development, March 2012, viii; Scott, “In Europe, Green Energy Takes a Hit from Debt Crisis,” November 13, 2012; Sills, “Spain Halts Renewable Subsidies to Curb $31 Billion of Debts,” January 27, 2012. 100 BTM Consult, “World Market Update 2011,” March 2012, 55. 101 Ibid. 102 Ibid., 59. 103 Industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, January 30, 2013. 104 Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, October 23, 2012; industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, January 18, 2013. 105 Industry representative, telephone interview by USITC staff, January 30, 2013. 106 Ibid. 107 Ibid. 108 Industry representative, interview by USITC staff, Washington, DC, January 23, 2013. 4-19PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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