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Market Size There are approximately 2,400 hydroelectric power plants of all sizes operating in the United States. Conventional (large and small) hydroelectric plants provided 74,800 MW of electricity, and pumped storage projects provided an additional 8,400 MW.12 Of this total, 50 percent of generating capacity was federally owned, 25 percent was privately owned, and 25 percent was non-federal publicly owned.13 Developers received licenses or exemptions from the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for 730 MW of new capacity between 2009 and 2012, suggesting the possibility of significant new hydropower development in the next five years.14 As of January 2013, there were 878 existing small hydropower projects (50 MW or less) licensed by FERC, and 135 projects over 50 MW.15 California has the largest number of projects overall, with the greatest overall generation capacity, while New York has the largest number of small hydropower projects.16 Electricity generation revenues for the U.S. hydropower industry were $6.1 billion in 2012, with revenue posting an average annual decline of 1.7 percent between 2007 and 2012. A major reason for the drop in revenues was the decline in the number of U.S. hydropower generating plants (figure 5.1). Additionally, droughts in the United States during 2007–09 reduced available water and thus reduced power generation in those years, although hydroelectricity generation rebounded in 2011.17 Estimates of the size of the market for project development-related hydropower services are based on a constant share of total development costs for new hydropower projects, multiplied by the total of new capacity developed in the most recent data year.18 As shown in table 5.3, the U.S. market for hydropower-related project development costs 12 Pumped storage is a type of hydroelectric power generation that stores energy in the form of water in an upper reservoir; the water is pumped from a second reservoir at a lower elevation. During periods of high electricity demand, the stored water is released through turbines in the same way as a conventional hydro station. Excess energy refills the reservoir by pumping the water back to the upper reservoir, usually during nights and weekends when electricity demand is low. National Hydropower Association, “Hydro Works for America,” n.d. (accessed June 26, 2013). 13 These statistics reflect data as of 2011. Non-federal public owners include irrigation districts, cities, and water districts. The U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates privately owned and non-federal publicly owned sites but does not regulate federally owned sites. FERC, “Present Development of Conventional Hydroelectric Projects,” June 10, 2013. 14 BNEF, Sustainable Energy in America 2013 Factbook, January 2013, 39. 15 This number does not include federally owned hydropower plants, which accounts for the difference from the total of 2,400 hydropower plants cited above. 16 FERC, “Present Development of Conventional Hydroelectric Projects,” June 10, 2013. 17 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, April 22, 2013. 18 To estimate the size of the market, the Commission relied on data for global hydropower capacity from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Information Agency (EIA), along with estimates of the share of development and O&M services in a hydropower project from Black & Veatch (B&V). According to B&V, using estimates based on an average 500 MW project located in the U.S. Midwest region, engineering, procurement, and construction management (EPC) costs are approximately 7 percent of total project costs, and owner’s costs (primarily services such as feasibility studies, environmental impact studies, resource assessments, and permitting and other legal costs) are approximately 23 percent of total project costs. Hence about 30 percent of total project costs are likely to be services. B&V notes that these estimates can vary within a fairly wide range of +/– 35 percent. This estimate does not include the costs of materials and labor for actual plant and civil works construction, which vary widely for hydropower projects based on particular site characteristics, but it does include construction management and project management costs. For O&M services, B&V estimated average costs in 2010 for a 500 MW plant in the United States to be $15/kW-yr in fixed costs and $6/MWh in variable costs. These estimates include fixed and variable costs for maintenance and repairs, and supervision costs for existing plants. Industry representative, telephone interview with USITC staff, March 14, 2013; EIA, “Annual Energy Review 2011,” 2012; B&V, “Cost and Performance Data for Power Generation Technologies,” February 2012, 35. 5-5PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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