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BOX 5.3 Recent Developments in Large Hydropower Large hydropower projects have raised social and environmental concerns given that they may change the natural course of rivers, lessen the supply of water available to traditional downstream users, and may flood wide areas for reservoirs behind new dams. For these reasons, and because large hydropower is often already price- competitive with existing fossil fuel power plants, government policies that subsidize and promote renewable energy generally apply only to small hydropower facilities. Hence, the discussion of hydropower in this report concentrates primarily on small hydropower facilities where possible. Nevertheless, large hydropower facilities accounted for more than three-fifths of renewable energy generation capacity worldwide at the end of 2012 (see figure 5.2). Moreover, there are many large hydropower projects underway and in the planning stages; these projects certainly present potential opportunities for U.S. service providers. In addition, attitudes toward large hydropower may be changing, as electricity providers search for a way to expand access to electric power while remaining consistent with stated goals with respect to climate change. For example, the World Bank announced in May 2013 that it would once again begin funding hydropower projects after scaling back dramatically in the mid-1990s. The Bank stated that it sees large hydropower as the only way to meet its global development objectives without accelerating greenhouse gas emissions.a China led the world in new capacity additions in 2012, as it has in other recent years, followed by Turkey, Brazil, Vietnam, and Russia. China installed 15.5 GW of new capacity, reaching almost 229 GW of installed hydropower capacity. China’s three largest hydropower facilities are Three Gorges (22.5 GW), Xiluodu (13.9 GW when completed), and Xianjiaba (6.4 GW when completed). The Three Gorges achieved full capacity in July 2013, and reached a record output of 98.1 TWh in 2012. China targets a total of 290 GW of installed hydropower capacity by 2015.b Turkey is increasing its hydropower capacity at a rapid rate to address chronic shortages of electricity and frequent power outages, adding about 2 GW in 2012, for a total of 21 GW installed. Brazil placed 1.86 GW of hydropower into operation in 2012, including 394 MW of reported small-scale (<30 MW) capacity, for a total of 84 GW. Construction continued on hydropower facilities around the country, including the 11.2 GW Belo Monte project, expected to be Brazil’s second largest after the 14 GW Itaipu plant. Itaipu set another output record in 2012, matching China’s Three Gorges at more than 98 TWh.c Vietnam added at least 1.8 GW of new capacity in 2012, raising its total capacity to 12.9 GW. The country’s Son La plant is reportedly the largest hydropower project in Southeast Asia, with a total capacity of 2.4 GW.d In Canada, the 200 MW Wuskwatim plant was commissioned in Manitoba, and Hydro-Québec completed the 768 MW Eastmain 1-A powerhouse, with the 150 MW Sarcelle plant scheduled to come online in 2013. India added about 750 MW of hydropower capacity in 2012, of which 157 MW was categorized as small-scale (<25 MW), for a total of about 43 GW. Ethiopia’s Grand Renaissance Dam is under construction, with commissioning of the first phase to start in late 2013. The final project is expected to deliver 6 GW and to be the largest hydropower facility in Africa. Several transmission projects are also under way, to permit Ethiopia to export hydropower to neighbors in the Horn of Africa.e _____________ a Hydroworld.com, “World Bank Announces Renewed Support for Large Hydropower,” May 30, 2013; South China Morning Post, “World Bank U-turn Brings Hydropower in From Cold,” May 11, 2013. b REN21, Renewables 2013, 2013, 35. c Ibid., 35. d Ibid., 36. e Ibid., 38. 5-13PDF Image | Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments
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